TY - JOUR
T1 - Global variations in the mineral content of bottled still and sparkling water and a description of the possible impact on nephrological and urological diseases
AU - Stoots, Simone J. M.
AU - Kamphuis, Guido M.
AU - Geraghty, Rob
AU - Vogt, Liffert
AU - Henderickx, Michaël M. E. L.
AU - Hameed, B. M. Zeeshan
AU - Ibrahim, Sufyan
AU - Pietropaolo, Amelia
AU - Jamnadass, Enakshee
AU - Aljumaiah, Sahar M.
AU - Hamri, Saeed B.
AU - Ventimiglia, Eugenio
AU - Traxer, Olivier
AU - Gauhar, Vineet
AU - Keller, Etienne X.
AU - de Coninck, Vincent
AU - Durutovic, Otas
AU - Gadzhiev, Nariman K.
AU - Dragos, Laurian B.
AU - Sener, Tarik Emre
AU - Rukin, Nick
AU - Talso, Michele
AU - Kallidonis, Panagiotis
AU - Emiliani, Esteban
AU - Bres-Niewada, Ewa
AU - Scotland, Kymora B.
AU - Bhojani, Naeem
AU - Vagionis, Athanasios
AU - Piccirilli, Angela
AU - Somani, Bhaskar K.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/7/1
Y1 - 2021/7/1
N2 - Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a complex disease. Besides the high risk of recurrence, its association with systemic disorders contributes to the burden of disease. Sufficient water intake is crucial for prevention of KSD, however, the mineral content of water might influence stone for-mation, bone health and cardiovascular (CVD) risk. This study aims to analyse the variations in mineral content of bottled drinking water worldwide to evaluate the differences and describes the possible impact on nephrological and urological diseases. The information regarding mineral composition (mg/L) on calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium, sodium and sulphates was read from the in-gredients label on water bottles by visiting the supermarket or consulting the online shop. The bottled waters in two main supermarkets in 21 countries were included. The evaluation shows that on a global level the mineral composition of bottled drinkable water varies enormously. Median bicar-bonate levels varied by factors of 12.6 and 57.3 for still and sparkling water, respectively. Median calcium levels varied by factors of 18.7 and 7.4 for still and sparkling water, respectively. As the mineral content of bottled drinking water varies enormously worldwide and mineral intake through water might influence stone formation, bone health and CVD risk, urologists and nephrologists should counsel their patients on an individual level regarding water intake.
AB - Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a complex disease. Besides the high risk of recurrence, its association with systemic disorders contributes to the burden of disease. Sufficient water intake is crucial for prevention of KSD, however, the mineral content of water might influence stone for-mation, bone health and cardiovascular (CVD) risk. This study aims to analyse the variations in mineral content of bottled drinking water worldwide to evaluate the differences and describes the possible impact on nephrological and urological diseases. The information regarding mineral composition (mg/L) on calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium, sodium and sulphates was read from the in-gredients label on water bottles by visiting the supermarket or consulting the online shop. The bottled waters in two main supermarkets in 21 countries were included. The evaluation shows that on a global level the mineral composition of bottled drinkable water varies enormously. Median bicar-bonate levels varied by factors of 12.6 and 57.3 for still and sparkling water, respectively. Median calcium levels varied by factors of 18.7 and 7.4 for still and sparkling water, respectively. As the mineral content of bottled drinking water varies enormously worldwide and mineral intake through water might influence stone formation, bone health and CVD risk, urologists and nephrologists should counsel their patients on an individual level regarding water intake.
KW - Drinking water
KW - Kidney stone disease
KW - Mineral composition
KW - Mineral water
KW - Sparkling water
KW - Still water
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85114069167&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132807
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132807
M3 - Article
C2 - 34198985
SN - 2077-0383
VL - 10
JO - Journal of clinical medicine
JF - Journal of clinical medicine
IS - 13
M1 - 2807
ER -