TY - JOUR
T1 - Benevolent and hostile sexism in a shifting global context
AU - Barreto, Manuela
AU - Doyle, David Matthew
N1 - Funding Information: The authors thank all colleagues whose work has contributed to the state of the art in this field, whether or not space allowed for it to be explicitly mentioned in the article. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, Crown.
PY - 2023/2/1
Y1 - 2023/2/1
N2 - The theory of and research on ambivalent sexism — which encompasses both attitudes that are overtly negative (hostile sexism) and those that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful (benevolent sexism) — have made substantial contributions to understanding how sexism operates and the consequences it has for women. It is now clear that sexism takes different forms, some of which can be disguised as protection and flattery. However, all forms of sexism have negative effects on how women are perceived and treated by others as well as on women themselves. Some of these findings have implications for understanding other social inequalities, such as ableism, ageism, racism and classism. In this Review, we summarize what is known about the predictors of ambivalent sexism and its effects. Although we focus on women, we also consider some effects on men, in particular those that indirectly influence women. Throughout the Review we point to societal shifts that are likely to influence how sexism is manifested, experienced and understood. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of these changes and specifying areas of enquiry that need to be addressed to continue making progress in understanding the mechanisms that underlie social inequalities.
AB - The theory of and research on ambivalent sexism — which encompasses both attitudes that are overtly negative (hostile sexism) and those that seem subjectively positive but are actually harmful (benevolent sexism) — have made substantial contributions to understanding how sexism operates and the consequences it has for women. It is now clear that sexism takes different forms, some of which can be disguised as protection and flattery. However, all forms of sexism have negative effects on how women are perceived and treated by others as well as on women themselves. Some of these findings have implications for understanding other social inequalities, such as ableism, ageism, racism and classism. In this Review, we summarize what is known about the predictors of ambivalent sexism and its effects. Although we focus on women, we also consider some effects on men, in particular those that indirectly influence women. Throughout the Review we point to societal shifts that are likely to influence how sexism is manifested, experienced and understood. We conclude by discussing the broader implications of these changes and specifying areas of enquiry that need to be addressed to continue making progress in understanding the mechanisms that underlie social inequalities.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85161042516&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00136-x
DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00136-x
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36504692
SN - 2731-0574
VL - 2
SP - 98
EP - 111
JO - Nature reviews psychology
JF - Nature reviews psychology
IS - 2
ER -