TY - JOUR
T1 - The Black Box Orchestra of Gut Bacteria and Bile Acids
T2 - Who Is the Conductor?
AU - Majait, Soumia
AU - Nieuwdorp, Max
AU - Kemper, Marleen
AU - Soeters, Maarten
N1 - Funding Information: M.N. is supported by a personal ZONMW VICI grant 2020 (09150182010020). M.S. is funded by the ZonMW and Dutch Diabetes foundation (Grant No. 95105011). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - Over the past decades the potential role of the gut microbiome and bile acids in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been revealed, with a special reference to low bacterial alpha diversity. Certain bile acid effects on gut bacteria concern cytotoxicity, or in the case of the microbiome, bacteriotoxicity. Reciprocally, the gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating the bile acid pool by influencing the conversion and (de)conjugation of primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. Three main groups of bacterial enzymes responsible for the conversion of bile acids are bile salt hydrolases (BSHs), hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) and enzymes encoded in the bile acid inducible (Bai) operon genes. Interventions such as probiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiome transplantation can impact bile acids levels. Further evidence of the reciprocal interaction between gut microbiota and bile acids comes from a multitude of nutritional interventions including macronutrients, fibers, prebiotics, specific individual products or diets. Finally, anatomical changes after bariatric surgery are important because of their metabolic effects. The heterogeneity of studies, diseases, bacterial species and (epi)genetic influences such as nutrition may challenge establishing specific and detailed interventions that aim to tackle the gut microbiome and bile acids.
AB - Over the past decades the potential role of the gut microbiome and bile acids in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been revealed, with a special reference to low bacterial alpha diversity. Certain bile acid effects on gut bacteria concern cytotoxicity, or in the case of the microbiome, bacteriotoxicity. Reciprocally, the gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating the bile acid pool by influencing the conversion and (de)conjugation of primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. Three main groups of bacterial enzymes responsible for the conversion of bile acids are bile salt hydrolases (BSHs), hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) and enzymes encoded in the bile acid inducible (Bai) operon genes. Interventions such as probiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiome transplantation can impact bile acids levels. Further evidence of the reciprocal interaction between gut microbiota and bile acids comes from a multitude of nutritional interventions including macronutrients, fibers, prebiotics, specific individual products or diets. Finally, anatomical changes after bariatric surgery are important because of their metabolic effects. The heterogeneity of studies, diseases, bacterial species and (epi)genetic influences such as nutrition may challenge establishing specific and detailed interventions that aim to tackle the gut microbiome and bile acids.
KW - bile acids
KW - enterohepatic circulation
KW - gut microbiome
KW - nutrition
KW - prebiotics
KW - probiotics
KW - type 2 diabetes mellitus
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85147893796&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36768140
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031816
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031816
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36768140
SN - 1661-6596
VL - 24
JO - International journal of molecular sciences
JF - International journal of molecular sciences
IS - 3
M1 - 1816
ER -