TY - JOUR
T1 - Could the region you live in prevent or precipitate kidney stone formation due to mineral intake through tap water? An analysis of nine distribution regions in Flanders
AU - Henderickx, Michaël M. E. L.
AU - Stoots, Simone J. M.
AU - Baard, Joyce
AU - Kamphuis, Guido M.
N1 - Funding Information: The authors thank AGSO Knokke-Heist, De Watergroep, FARYS, IWVA, Pidpa and Water-link for providing the data concerning mineral content of their respective production sites. Furthermore, the authors would like to thank dr. Christiane M.E.A. Stilman for proofreading the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Objectives: To analyse the mineral content of tap water in Flanders and assess if the region one lives in could prevent or precipitate stone formation due to a difference in mineral content. Methods: Data from six water companies providing tap water to nine regions in Flanders regarding calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulphate content in tap water was retrieved. Minimum and maximum values were collected and compared between the different geographical regions. Results: The highest calcium level was found in region 9 with a value of 157.0 mg/L, which is almost 10 times the value found in region 8 (16.1 mg/L). Region 6 had the highest magnesium (31.8 mg/L), potassium (30.5 mg/L), sodium (126.6 mg/L) and sulphate (218.5 mg/L) levels. The lowest level of magnesium (2.7 mg/L) was found in region 1, which was almost 12 times lower as in Region 6. Region 9 had the lowest level of potassium (1.5 mg/L), which is a factor 20 lower than Region 6. The lowest sodium and sulphate levels were found in region 8 (6.8 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L), respectively. The difference between the highest and lowest level of sulphate was a factor 70. Conclusion: There is a broad range in the minerals found in tap water between the different production sites in the nine distribution regions in Flanders. However, due to the high standards tap water has to meet in Flanders, the region one lives in will not lead to a higher or lower risk of kidney stone formation if the advised 2 to 3 L per day are consumed.
AB - Objectives: To analyse the mineral content of tap water in Flanders and assess if the region one lives in could prevent or precipitate stone formation due to a difference in mineral content. Methods: Data from six water companies providing tap water to nine regions in Flanders regarding calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulphate content in tap water was retrieved. Minimum and maximum values were collected and compared between the different geographical regions. Results: The highest calcium level was found in region 9 with a value of 157.0 mg/L, which is almost 10 times the value found in region 8 (16.1 mg/L). Region 6 had the highest magnesium (31.8 mg/L), potassium (30.5 mg/L), sodium (126.6 mg/L) and sulphate (218.5 mg/L) levels. The lowest level of magnesium (2.7 mg/L) was found in region 1, which was almost 12 times lower as in Region 6. Region 9 had the lowest level of potassium (1.5 mg/L), which is a factor 20 lower than Region 6. The lowest sodium and sulphate levels were found in region 8 (6.8 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L), respectively. The difference between the highest and lowest level of sulphate was a factor 70. Conclusion: There is a broad range in the minerals found in tap water between the different production sites in the nine distribution regions in Flanders. However, due to the high standards tap water has to meet in Flanders, the region one lives in will not lead to a higher or lower risk of kidney stone formation if the advised 2 to 3 L per day are consumed.
KW - Flanders
KW - Tap water
KW - mineral composition
KW - mineral content
KW - urolithiasis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122869689&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00015458.2022.2025722
DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00015458.2022.2025722
M3 - Article
C2 - 34982023
SN - 0001-5458
VL - 123
SP - 354
EP - 361
JO - Acta chirurgica Belgica
JF - Acta chirurgica Belgica
IS - 4
ER -