TY - JOUR
T1 - Robust Vaccine-Induced as Well as Hybrid B- and T-Cell Immunity across SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Platforms in People with HIV
AU - Verburgh, Myrthe L.
AU - van Pul, Lisa
AU - Grobben, Marloes
AU - Boyd, Anders
AU - Wit, Ferdinand W. N. M.
AU - van Nuenen, Ad C.
AU - van Dort, Karel A.
AU - Tejjani, Khadija
AU - van Rijswijk, Jacqueline
AU - Bakker, Margreet
AU - van der Hoek, Lia
AU - van der Loeff, Maarten F. Schim
AU - van der Valk, Marc
AU - van Gils, Marit J.
AU - Kootstra, Neeltje A.
AU - Reiss, Peter
AU - van der Wulp, I. A. J.
AU - Vanbellinghen, M. C.
AU - van Eeden, C. J.
AU - Koole, J. C. D.
AU - del Grande, L.
AU - Agard, I.
AU - Zaheri, S.
AU - Hillebregt, M. M. J.
AU - Ruijs, Y. M. C.
AU - Benschop, D. P.
AU - el Berkaoui, A.
AU - Harskamp-Holwerda, A. M.
AU - Maurer, I.
AU - Mangas Ruiz, M. M.
AU - Boeser-Nunnink, B. D. N.
AU - Starozhitskaya, O. S.
AU - Geerlings, S. E.
AU - Goorhuis, A.
AU - Hovius, J. W. R.
AU - Prins, J. M.
AU - van der Poll, T.
AU - Wiersinga, W. J.
AU - van Vugt, M.
AU - Lemkes, B. A.
AU - Spoorenberg, V.
AU - AGEhIV Cohort Study
AU - Postema, P. G.
AU - Dekker, E.
AU - van der Velde, N.
AU - Franssen, R.
AU - Willemsen, J. M. R.
AU - Vogt, L.
AU - Schadé, A.
AU - van Steenwijk, R. P.
AU - Majoie, C. B. L. M.
N1 - Funding Information: Editor Oliver Laeyendecker, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Ad Hoc Peer Reviewer Yanmin Wan, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University Copyright © 2023 Verburgh et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Address correspondence to Myrthe L. Verburgh, m.l.verburgh@amsterdamumc.nl, Lisa van Pul, l.vanpul@amsterdamumc.nl, or Marloes Grobben, m.grobben@amsterdamumc.nl. The authors declare a conflict of interest. FWNMW has served on scientific advisory boards for ViiV Healthcare and Gilead sciences. MFSvdL has received independent scientific grant support from Sanofi Pasteur, MSD Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, and Merck & Co; has served on advisory boards of GlaxoSmithKline and Merck & Co; and has received non-financial support from Stichting Pathologie Onderzoek en Ontwikkeling. MvdV through his institution has received independent scientific grant support and consultancy fees from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, MSD, and ViiV Healthcare, for which honoraria were all paid to his institution. PR through his institution has received independent scientific grant support from Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc, Merck & Co and ViiV Healthcare, and has served on scientific advisory boards for Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, and Merck & Co honoraria for which were all paid to his institution. M.L.V., L.v.P., M.G., A.B., A.C.v.N., K.A.v.D., K.T., J.v.R., M.B., L.v.d.H., M.J.v.G., and N.A.K. declare no competing interests. Received 20 March 2023 Accepted 22 April 2023 Published 11 May 2023 Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 Verburgh et al.
PY - 2023/5/1
Y1 - 2023/5/1
N2 - Few studies have comprehensively compared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine-induced and hybrid B- and T-cell responses in people with HIV (PWH) to those in comparable controls without HIV. We included 195 PWH and 246 comparable controls from the AGEhIV COVID-19 substudy. A positive nucleocapsid antibody (INgezim IgA/IgM/IgG) or self-reported PCR test defined prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike (anti-S) IgG titers and anti-S IgG production by memory B cells were assessed. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined in a subset of participants. T-cell responses were assessed by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release and activation-induced marker assay. We estimated mean differences in postvaccination immune responses (β) between levels of determinants. Anti-S IgG titers and anti-S IgG production by memory B cells were not different between PWH and controls. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (β = 0.77), receiving mRNA vaccine (β = 0.56), female sex (β = 0.24), fewer days between last vaccination and sampling (β = 0.07), and a CD4/CD8 ratio of <1.0 (β = 20.39) were independently associated with anti-S IgG titers, but HIV status was not. Neutralization titers against the ancestral and Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants were not different between PWH and controls. IFN-γ release was higher in PWH. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (β = 2.39), HIV-positive status (β = 1.61), and fewer days between last vaccination and sampling (β = 0.23) were independently associated with higher IFN-γ release. The percentages of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, however, were not different between PWH and controls. Individuals with well-controlled HIV generally mount robust vaccine-induced as well as hybrid B- and T-cell immunity across SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms similar to controls. Determinants of a reduced vaccine response were likewise largely similar in both groups and included a lower CD4/CD8 ratio. IMPORTANCE Some studies have suggested that people with HIV may respond less well to vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. We comprehensively compared B- and T-cell responses to different COVID-19 vaccines in middle-aged persons with well-treated HIV and individuals of the same age without HIV, who were also highly comparable in terms of demographics and lifestyle, including those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals with HIV generally mounted equally robust immunity to the different vaccines. Even stronger immunity was observed in both groups after prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings are reassuring with respect to the efficacy of SARS-Cov-2 vaccines for the sizable and increasing global population of people with HIV with access and a good response to HIV treatment.
AB - Few studies have comprehensively compared severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine-induced and hybrid B- and T-cell responses in people with HIV (PWH) to those in comparable controls without HIV. We included 195 PWH and 246 comparable controls from the AGEhIV COVID-19 substudy. A positive nucleocapsid antibody (INgezim IgA/IgM/IgG) or self-reported PCR test defined prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike (anti-S) IgG titers and anti-S IgG production by memory B cells were assessed. Neutralizing antibody titers were determined in a subset of participants. T-cell responses were assessed by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release and activation-induced marker assay. We estimated mean differences in postvaccination immune responses (β) between levels of determinants. Anti-S IgG titers and anti-S IgG production by memory B cells were not different between PWH and controls. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (β = 0.77), receiving mRNA vaccine (β = 0.56), female sex (β = 0.24), fewer days between last vaccination and sampling (β = 0.07), and a CD4/CD8 ratio of <1.0 (β = 20.39) were independently associated with anti-S IgG titers, but HIV status was not. Neutralization titers against the ancestral and Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants were not different between PWH and controls. IFN-γ release was higher in PWH. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (β = 2.39), HIV-positive status (β = 1.61), and fewer days between last vaccination and sampling (β = 0.23) were independently associated with higher IFN-γ release. The percentages of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, however, were not different between PWH and controls. Individuals with well-controlled HIV generally mount robust vaccine-induced as well as hybrid B- and T-cell immunity across SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms similar to controls. Determinants of a reduced vaccine response were likewise largely similar in both groups and included a lower CD4/CD8 ratio. IMPORTANCE Some studies have suggested that people with HIV may respond less well to vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. We comprehensively compared B- and T-cell responses to different COVID-19 vaccines in middle-aged persons with well-treated HIV and individuals of the same age without HIV, who were also highly comparable in terms of demographics and lifestyle, including those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals with HIV generally mounted equally robust immunity to the different vaccines. Even stronger immunity was observed in both groups after prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings are reassuring with respect to the efficacy of SARS-Cov-2 vaccines for the sizable and increasing global population of people with HIV with access and a good response to HIV treatment.
KW - HIV
KW - SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
KW - cellular immune responses
KW - humoral immune responses
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85163913432&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01155-23
DO - https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01155-23
M3 - Article
C2 - 37166335
SN - 2165-0497
VL - 11
SP - e0115523
JO - Microbiology spectrum
JF - Microbiology spectrum
IS - 3
M1 - e0115523
ER -