TY - JOUR
T1 - The influence of a maternal vegan diet on carnitine and vitamin B2 concentrations in human milk
AU - Juncker, Hannah G.
AU - van den Akker, Chris H. P.
AU - Meerdink, Pauline L.
AU - Korosi, Aniko
AU - Vaz, Frédéric M.
AU - van Goudoever, Johannes B.
AU - van Keulen, Britt J.
N1 - Funding Information: This research was funded by Stichting Steun Emma Kinderziekenhuis. This funding source had no role in the design of this study and did not have any role during its execution, analyses, interpretation of the data, or decision to submit results. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 Juncker, van den Akker, Meerdink, Korosi, Vaz, van Goudoever and van Keulen.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Background: The maternal diet greatly influences the nutritional composition of human milk. With the rise of vegan diets by lactating mothers, there are concerns about the nutritional adequacy of their milk. Two important nutrients, vitamin B2 and carnitine, are mostly ingested via animal products. Objective: We investigated the influence of a vegan diet on the vitamin B2 and carnitine concentrations in milk and serum of lactating women. Methods: In this case–control study, 25 lactating mothers following an exclusive vegan diet were comparted to 25 healthy lactating mothers with an omnivorous diet without use of supplements. High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry were used to measure vitamin B2 and carnitine concentrations, respectively. A linear regression model was used to determine differences in human milk and serum concentrations between study groups. Results: Vitamin B2 concentrations in human milk and serum did not differ between study groups. While the human milk free carnitine (C0) and acetyl carnitine (C2) concentrations did not differ between study groups, serum carnitine concentrations were lower in participants following a vegan diet than in omnivorous women (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: A maternal vegan diet did not affect human milk concentration of vitamin B2 and carnitine. Breastfed infants of mothers following an exclusive vegan diet therefore are likely not at increased risk of developing a vitamin B2 or carnitine deficiency.
AB - Background: The maternal diet greatly influences the nutritional composition of human milk. With the rise of vegan diets by lactating mothers, there are concerns about the nutritional adequacy of their milk. Two important nutrients, vitamin B2 and carnitine, are mostly ingested via animal products. Objective: We investigated the influence of a vegan diet on the vitamin B2 and carnitine concentrations in milk and serum of lactating women. Methods: In this case–control study, 25 lactating mothers following an exclusive vegan diet were comparted to 25 healthy lactating mothers with an omnivorous diet without use of supplements. High-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry were used to measure vitamin B2 and carnitine concentrations, respectively. A linear regression model was used to determine differences in human milk and serum concentrations between study groups. Results: Vitamin B2 concentrations in human milk and serum did not differ between study groups. While the human milk free carnitine (C0) and acetyl carnitine (C2) concentrations did not differ between study groups, serum carnitine concentrations were lower in participants following a vegan diet than in omnivorous women (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: A maternal vegan diet did not affect human milk concentration of vitamin B2 and carnitine. Breastfed infants of mothers following an exclusive vegan diet therefore are likely not at increased risk of developing a vitamin B2 or carnitine deficiency.
KW - breast milk
KW - carnitine
KW - lactation
KW - riboflavin
KW - veganism
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85168262762&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1107768
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1107768
M3 - Article
C2 - 37599690
SN - 2296-861X
VL - 10
SP - 1107768
JO - Frontiers in Nutrition
JF - Frontiers in Nutrition
M1 - 1107768
ER -