TY - JOUR
T1 - Advances in Thiopurine Drug Delivery: The Current State-of-the-Art
AU - Bayoumy, Ahmed B.
AU - Crouwel, Femke
AU - Chanda, Nripen
AU - Florin, Timothy H. J.
AU - Buiter, Hans J. C.
AU - Mulder, Chris J. J.
AU - de Boer, Nanne K. H.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - Thiopurines (mercaptopurine, azathioprine and thioguanine) are well-established maintenance treatments for a wide range of diseases such as leukemia, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in general. Worldwide, millions of patients are treated with thiopurines. The use of thiopurines has been limited because of off-target effects such as myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Therefore, seeking methods to enhance target-based thiopurine-based treatment is relevant, combined with pharmacogenetic testing. Controlled-release formulations for thiopurines have been clinically tested and have shown promising outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease. Latest developments in nano-formulations for thiopurines have shown encouraging pre-clinical results, but further research and development are needed. This review provides an overview of novel drug delivery strategies for thiopurines, reviewing modified release formulations and with a focus on nano-based formulations.
AB - Thiopurines (mercaptopurine, azathioprine and thioguanine) are well-established maintenance treatments for a wide range of diseases such as leukemia, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in general. Worldwide, millions of patients are treated with thiopurines. The use of thiopurines has been limited because of off-target effects such as myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Therefore, seeking methods to enhance target-based thiopurine-based treatment is relevant, combined with pharmacogenetic testing. Controlled-release formulations for thiopurines have been clinically tested and have shown promising outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease. Latest developments in nano-formulations for thiopurines have shown encouraging pre-clinical results, but further research and development are needed. This review provides an overview of novel drug delivery strategies for thiopurines, reviewing modified release formulations and with a focus on nano-based formulations.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85114315795&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-021-00716-x
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-021-00716-x
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34487330
SN - 0378-7966
VL - 46
SP - 743
EP - 758
JO - European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
JF - European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
IS - 6
ER -