Annual Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy for Persons with HIV Infection

The WHIP3TB Study Team

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19 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis preventive therapy for persons with HIV infection is effective, but its durability is uncertain. Objective: To compare treatment completion rates of weekly isoniazid–rifapentine for 3 months versus daily isoniazid for 6 months as well as the effectiveness of the 3-month rifapentine–isoniazid regimen given annually for 2 years versus once. Design: Randomized trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02980016) Setting: South Africa, Ethiopia, and Mozambique. Participants: Persons with HIV infection who were receiving antiretroviral therapy, were aged 2 years or older, and did not have active tuberculosis. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive weekly rifapentine–isoniazid for 3 months, given either annually for 2 years or once, or daily isoniazid for 6 months. Participants were screened for tuberculosis symptoms at months 0 to 3 and 12 of each study year and at months 12 and 24 using chest radiography and sputum culture. Measurements: Treatment completion was assessed using pill counts. Tuberculosis incidence was measured over 24 months. Results: Between November 2016 and November 2017, 4027 participants were enrolled; 4014 were included in the analyses (median age, 41 years; 69.5% women; all using antiretroviral therapy). Treatment completion in the first year for the combined rifapentine–isoniazid groups (n = 3610) was 90.4% versus 50.5% for the isoniazid group (n = 404) (risk ratio, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.61 to 1.95]). Tuberculosis incidence among participants receiving the rifapentine–isoniazid regimen twice (n = 1808) or once (n = 1802) was similar (hazard ratio, 0.96 [CI, 0.61 to 1.50]). Limitation: If rifapentine–isoniazid is effective in curing subclinical tuberculosis, then the intensive tuberculosis screening at month 12 may have reduced its effectiveness. Conclusion: Treatment completion was higher with rifapentine–isoniazid for 3 months compared with isoniazid for 6 months. In settings with high tuberculosis transmission, a second round of preventive therapy did not provide additional benefit to persons receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1367-1376
Number of pages10
JournalAnnals of Internal Medicine
Volume174
Issue number10
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1 Oct 2021

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