TY - JOUR
T1 - Childhood trauma and its impact on depressive and anxiety symptomatology in adulthood
T2 - A 6-year longitudinal study
AU - Kuzminskaite, Erika
AU - Vinkers, Christiaan H.
AU - Milaneschi, Yuri
AU - Giltay, Erik J.
AU - Penninx, Brenda W. J. H.
N1 - Funding Information: The infrastructure for the NESDA study ( www.nesda.nl ) is funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant number: 10-000-1002 ) and financial contributions by participating universities and mental health care organizations ( VU University Medical Center , GGZ inGeest , Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden University , GGZ Rivierduinen , University Medical Center Groningen , University of Groningen , Lentis , GGZ Friesland , Dimence , GGZ Drenthe , Rob Giel Onderzoekscentrum ). BP is supported through the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (EARLYCAUSE grant n° 848158). CHV is supported by a Dutch Research Council (NWO) Vidi grant ( 09150171910042 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022/9/1
Y1 - 2022/9/1
N2 - Background: Childhood trauma (CT) is a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. However, whether CT is more strongly linked to specific clinical features of these disorders remains inconclusive. The current study comprehensively examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between CT and depressive/anxiety symptomatology in a large adult sample with current and remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorders. Methods: Baseline (n = 1803), 2-year (n = 1735), 4-year (n = 1585), and 6-year follow-up (n = 1475) data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were used. CT (emotional neglect, emotional/physical/sexual abuse) was assessed at baseline, while depressive/anxiety symptomatology with relevant dimensions (e.g., mood/cognitive, melancholic, general distress, and somatic depression) was assessed at each wave using self-reported questionnaires. Linear regressions and linear mixed models determined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Results: Individuals with CT, especially, severe CT, compared to those without CT, had significantly higher scores in overall depressive symptomatology (Cohen's d = 0.674), mood/cognitive depression (d = 0.691), melancholic depression (d = 0.587), general distress (d = 0.561), and somatic depression severity (d = 0.549). Differences were lower, but still highly significant for anxiety (d = 0.418), worry (d = 0.362), and fear/phobic symptomatology (d = 0.359). Effects were consistent across CT types and maintained over six years. Limitations: Retrospectively-reported CT. Conclusions: CT is a risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptomatology across all dimensions and enduring over multiple years. Screening for CT is essential to identify individuals at risk for more severe and chronic manifestations of affective disorders.
AB - Background: Childhood trauma (CT) is a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. However, whether CT is more strongly linked to specific clinical features of these disorders remains inconclusive. The current study comprehensively examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between CT and depressive/anxiety symptomatology in a large adult sample with current and remitted depressive and/or anxiety disorders. Methods: Baseline (n = 1803), 2-year (n = 1735), 4-year (n = 1585), and 6-year follow-up (n = 1475) data from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety were used. CT (emotional neglect, emotional/physical/sexual abuse) was assessed at baseline, while depressive/anxiety symptomatology with relevant dimensions (e.g., mood/cognitive, melancholic, general distress, and somatic depression) was assessed at each wave using self-reported questionnaires. Linear regressions and linear mixed models determined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Results: Individuals with CT, especially, severe CT, compared to those without CT, had significantly higher scores in overall depressive symptomatology (Cohen's d = 0.674), mood/cognitive depression (d = 0.691), melancholic depression (d = 0.587), general distress (d = 0.561), and somatic depression severity (d = 0.549). Differences were lower, but still highly significant for anxiety (d = 0.418), worry (d = 0.362), and fear/phobic symptomatology (d = 0.359). Effects were consistent across CT types and maintained over six years. Limitations: Retrospectively-reported CT. Conclusions: CT is a risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptomatology across all dimensions and enduring over multiple years. Screening for CT is essential to identify individuals at risk for more severe and chronic manifestations of affective disorders.
KW - Anxiety
KW - Childhood trauma
KW - Depression
KW - Heterogeneity
KW - Symptoms
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85133413221&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.057
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.057
M3 - Article
C2 - 35760192
SN - 0165-0327
VL - 312
SP - 322
EP - 330
JO - Journal of affective disorders
JF - Journal of affective disorders
ER -