TY - JOUR
T1 - Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin-18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model
AU - Bil, W.
AU - van der Bent, S.A.S.
AU - Spiekstra, S.W.
AU - Nazmi, K.
AU - Rustemeyer, Thomas
AU - Gibbs, S.
PY - 2018/12
Y1 - 2018/12
N2 - Background: During the last decade, the number of people with ≥1 tattoo has increased noticeably within the European population. Despite this, limited safety information is available for tattoo inks. Objectives: To test the skin sensitization potential of 5 tattoo inks in vitro by using reconstructed human skin (RHS) and the contact sensitization biomarker interleukin (IL)-18. Methods: Two red and 3 black tattoo inks, 1 additive (Hamamelis virginiana extract) and 1 irritant control (lactic acid) were tested. The culture medium of RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast-populated collagen hydrogel) was supplemented with test substances in a dose-dependent manner for 24 hours, after which cytotoxicity (histology; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay) and skin sensitization potential (IL-18 secretion; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed. Results: All but 1 ink showed cytotoxicity. Notably, 1 red ink and 1 black ink were able to cause an inflammatory response, indicated by substantial release of IL-18, suggesting that these inks may be contact sensitizers. Conclusions: The in vitro RHS model showed that 4 tattoo inks were cytotoxic and 2 were able to cause an inflammatory IL-18 response, indicating that an individual may develop allergic contact dermatitis when exposed to these tattoo inks, as they contain contact sensitizers.
AB - Background: During the last decade, the number of people with ≥1 tattoo has increased noticeably within the European population. Despite this, limited safety information is available for tattoo inks. Objectives: To test the skin sensitization potential of 5 tattoo inks in vitro by using reconstructed human skin (RHS) and the contact sensitization biomarker interleukin (IL)-18. Methods: Two red and 3 black tattoo inks, 1 additive (Hamamelis virginiana extract) and 1 irritant control (lactic acid) were tested. The culture medium of RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast-populated collagen hydrogel) was supplemented with test substances in a dose-dependent manner for 24 hours, after which cytotoxicity (histology; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay) and skin sensitization potential (IL-18 secretion; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed. Results: All but 1 ink showed cytotoxicity. Notably, 1 red ink and 1 black ink were able to cause an inflammatory response, indicated by substantial release of IL-18, suggesting that these inks may be contact sensitizers. Conclusions: The in vitro RHS model showed that 4 tattoo inks were cytotoxic and 2 were able to cause an inflammatory IL-18 response, indicating that an individual may develop allergic contact dermatitis when exposed to these tattoo inks, as they contain contact sensitizers.
KW - IL-18
KW - allergic contact dermatitis
KW - human reconstructed skin
KW - in vitro
KW - safety assessment
KW - skin sensitization
KW - tattoo ink
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85052635020&origin=inward
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30136287
UR - https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/31007367/Figure1.jpg
UR - https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/31007369/Figure2.jpg
UR - https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/31007371/Figure3.jpg
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13092
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.13092
M3 - Article
C2 - 30136287
SN - 0105-1873
VL - 79
SP - 336
EP - 345
JO - Contact dermatitis
JF - Contact dermatitis
IS - 6
ER -