Controlling Immunity and Inflammation through Integrin-Dependent Regulation of TGF-β

Integrins promote cell adhesion and migration, but also control local activation of latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-β contained in extracellular matrix or cell-surface reservoirs. Integrin-dependent activation of TGF-β has emerged as a crucial mechanism whereby tissue-borne cells instruct circulating and resident immune cells. Moreover, this regulation has wide pathophysiological implications in wound healing, tissue fibrosis, antibody production, pathogen clearance, inflammation, autoimmunity, cancer, and possibly metabolic disorders including diabetes. Here we review the spatiotemporal control of TGF-β activation by integrins, and its effects on immune cell signaling and function. We discuss the underlying molecular and cell-biological mechanisms, the implications for human health and disease, and possibilities for future therapeutic exploitation.