TY - JOUR
T1 - Coronary Flow Velocity Reserve by Echocardiography
T2 - Beyond Atherosclerotic Disease
AU - Civieri, Giovanni
AU - Montisci, Roberta
AU - Kerkhof, Peter L. M.
AU - Iliceto, Sabino
AU - Tona, Francesco
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/1/1
Y1 - 2023/1/1
N2 - Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) is defined as the ratio between coronary flow velocity during maximal hyperemia and coronary flow at rest. Gold-standard techniques to measure CFVR are either invasive or require radiation and are therefore inappropriate for large-scale adoption. More than 30 years ago, echocardiography was demonstrated to be a reliable tool to assess CFVR, and its field of application rapidly expanded. Although initially validated to assess the hemodynamic relevance of a coronary stenosis, CFVR by echocardiography was later used to investigate coronary microcirculation. Microvascular dysfunction was detected in many different conditions, ranging from organ transplantation to inflammatory disorders and from metabolic diseases to cardiomyopathies. Moreover, it has been proven that CFVR by echocardiography not only detects coronary microvascular involvement but is also an effective prognostic factor that allows a precise risk stratification of the patients. In this review, we will summarize the many applications of CFVR by echocardiography, focusing on the coronary involvement of systemic diseases.
AB - Coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) is defined as the ratio between coronary flow velocity during maximal hyperemia and coronary flow at rest. Gold-standard techniques to measure CFVR are either invasive or require radiation and are therefore inappropriate for large-scale adoption. More than 30 years ago, echocardiography was demonstrated to be a reliable tool to assess CFVR, and its field of application rapidly expanded. Although initially validated to assess the hemodynamic relevance of a coronary stenosis, CFVR by echocardiography was later used to investigate coronary microcirculation. Microvascular dysfunction was detected in many different conditions, ranging from organ transplantation to inflammatory disorders and from metabolic diseases to cardiomyopathies. Moreover, it has been proven that CFVR by echocardiography not only detects coronary microvascular involvement but is also an effective prognostic factor that allows a precise risk stratification of the patients. In this review, we will summarize the many applications of CFVR by echocardiography, focusing on the coronary involvement of systemic diseases.
KW - coronary flow velocity reserve
KW - coronary microcirculation
KW - coronary microvascular dysfunction
KW - echocardiography
KW - heart transplantation
KW - inflammation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85146820468&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020193
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020193
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36673004
SN - 2075-4418
VL - 13
JO - Diagnostics
JF - Diagnostics
IS - 2
M1 - 193
ER -