TY - JOUR
T1 - Trail running injury risk factors
T2 - a living systematic review
AU - Viljoen, Carel
AU - Janse van Rensburg, Dina C. Christa
AU - van Mechelen, Willem
AU - Verhagen, Evert
AU - Silva, Bruno
AU - Scheer, Volker
AU - Besomi, Manuela
AU - Gajardo-Burgos, Rubén
AU - Matos, S. rgio
AU - Schoeman, Marlene
AU - Jansen van Rensburg, Audrey
AU - van Dyk, Nicol
AU - Scheepers, Susan
AU - Botha, Tanita
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.
PY - 2022/5/1
Y1 - 2022/5/1
N2 - OBJECTIVE: To review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running. DESIGN: Living systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years. DATA SOURCES: Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running. RESULTS: Nineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7-61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe. CONCLUSION: Limited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.
AB - OBJECTIVE: To review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running. DESIGN: Living systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years. DATA SOURCES: Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running. RESULTS: Nineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7-61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe. CONCLUSION: Limited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.
KW - epidemiology
KW - risk factor
KW - running
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129997269&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104858
DO - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104858
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35022162
SN - 0306-3674
VL - 56
SP - 577
EP - 587
JO - British Journal of Sports Medicine
JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine
IS - 10
M1 - bjsports-2021-104858
ER -