TY - JOUR
T1 - Differences in SARS-CoV-2 infections during the first and second wave of SARS-CoV-2 between six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
T2 - A population-based longitudinal serological study
AU - Coyer, Liza
AU - Boyd, Anders
AU - Schinkel, Janke
AU - Agyemang, Charles
AU - Galenkamp, Henrike
AU - Koopman, Anitra D. M.
AU - Leenstra, Tjalling
AU - van Duijnhoven, Yvonne T. H. P.
AU - Moll van Charante, Eric P.
AU - van den Born, Bert-Jan H.
AU - Lok, Anja
AU - Verhoeff, Arnoud
AU - Zwinderman, Aeilko H.
AU - Jurriaans, Suzanne
AU - Stronks, Karien
AU - Prins, Maria
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by ZonMw (10430022010002) and the Public Health Service of Amsterdam. The HELIUS study is conducted by Amsterdam UMC, location Academic Medical Center and the Public Health Service of Amsterdam. Both organizations provided core support for HELIUS. The HELIUS study is also funded by the Dutch Heart Foundation (2010 T084), ZonMw (200500003), the European Union (FP-7) (278901), and the European Fund for the Integration of non-EU immigrants (EIF) (2013EIF013). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)
PY - 2022/2/1
Y1 - 2022/2/1
N2 - Background: Surveillance data in high-income countries have reported more frequent SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses in ethnic minority groups. We examined the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and its determinants in six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Methods: We analysed participants enrolled in the population-based HELIUS cohort, who were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and answered COVID-19-related questions between June 24-October 9, 2020 (after the first wave) and November 23, 2020-March 31, 2021 (during the second wave). We modelled SARS-CoV-2 incidence from January 1, 2020-March 31, 2021 using Markov models adjusted for age and sex. We compared incidence between ethnic groups over time and identified determinants of incident infection within ethnic groups. Findings: 2,497 participants were tested after the first wave; 2,083 (83·4%) were tested during the second wave. Median age at first visit was 54 years (interquartile range=44–61); 56·6% were female. Compared to Dutch-origin participants (15·9%), cumulative SARS-CoV-2 incidence was higher in participants of South-Asian Surinamese (25·0%; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=1·66; 95%CI=1·16–2·40), African Surinamese (28·9%, aHR=1·97; 95%CI=1·37–2·83), Turkish (37·0%; aHR=2·67; 95%CI=1·89–3·78), Moroccan (41·9%; aHR=3·13; 95%CI=2·22–4·42), and Ghanaian (64·6%; aHR=6·00; 95%CI=4·33–8·30) origin. Compared to those of Dutch origin, differences in incidence became wider during the second versus first wave for all ethnic minority groups (all p-values for interaction<0·05), except Ghanaians. Having household members with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, larger household size, and low health literacy were common determinants of SARS-CoV-2 incidence across groups. Interpretation: SARS-CoV-2 incidence was higher in the largest ethnic minority groups of Amsterdam, particularly during the second wave. Prevention measures, including vaccination, should be encouraged in these groups. Funding: ZonMw, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Dutch Heart Foundation, European Union, European Fund for the Integration of non-EU immigrants.
AB - Background: Surveillance data in high-income countries have reported more frequent SARS-CoV-2 diagnoses in ethnic minority groups. We examined the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and its determinants in six ethnic groups in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Methods: We analysed participants enrolled in the population-based HELIUS cohort, who were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and answered COVID-19-related questions between June 24-October 9, 2020 (after the first wave) and November 23, 2020-March 31, 2021 (during the second wave). We modelled SARS-CoV-2 incidence from January 1, 2020-March 31, 2021 using Markov models adjusted for age and sex. We compared incidence between ethnic groups over time and identified determinants of incident infection within ethnic groups. Findings: 2,497 participants were tested after the first wave; 2,083 (83·4%) were tested during the second wave. Median age at first visit was 54 years (interquartile range=44–61); 56·6% were female. Compared to Dutch-origin participants (15·9%), cumulative SARS-CoV-2 incidence was higher in participants of South-Asian Surinamese (25·0%; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=1·66; 95%CI=1·16–2·40), African Surinamese (28·9%, aHR=1·97; 95%CI=1·37–2·83), Turkish (37·0%; aHR=2·67; 95%CI=1·89–3·78), Moroccan (41·9%; aHR=3·13; 95%CI=2·22–4·42), and Ghanaian (64·6%; aHR=6·00; 95%CI=4·33–8·30) origin. Compared to those of Dutch origin, differences in incidence became wider during the second versus first wave for all ethnic minority groups (all p-values for interaction<0·05), except Ghanaians. Having household members with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, larger household size, and low health literacy were common determinants of SARS-CoV-2 incidence across groups. Interpretation: SARS-CoV-2 incidence was higher in the largest ethnic minority groups of Amsterdam, particularly during the second wave. Prevention measures, including vaccination, should be encouraged in these groups. Funding: ZonMw, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Dutch Heart Foundation, European Union, European Fund for the Integration of non-EU immigrants.
KW - Antibody
KW - COVID-19
KW - Ethnicity
KW - Incidence
KW - Infection
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Serology
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85121135270&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/69173521/1_s2.0_S2666776221002702_mmc1.pdf
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100284
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100284
M3 - Article
C2 - 34927120
SN - 2666-7762
VL - 13
JO - The Lancet Regional Health - Europe
JF - The Lancet Regional Health - Europe
M1 - 100284
ER -