TY - JOUR
T1 - Differences in systemic and mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in a prospective cohort of Dutch children
AU - Keuning, Maya W.
AU - Grobben, Marloes
AU - Bijlsma, Merijn W.
AU - Anker, Beau
AU - Berman-de Jong, Eveline P.
AU - Cohen, Sophie
AU - Felderhof, Mariet
AU - de Groen, Anne-Elise
AU - de Groof, Femke
AU - Rijpert, Maarten
AU - van Eijk, Hetty W. M.
AU - Tejjani, Khadija
AU - van Rijswijk, Jacqueline
AU - Steenhuis, Maurice
AU - Rispens, Theo
AU - Plötz, Frans B.
AU - van Gils, Marit J.
AU - Pajkrt, Dasja
N1 - Funding Information: This study would not have been possible without the financial support of the Contribute Foundation and the Tergooi Scientific committee. We are thankful for the hard work and enthusiasm of the medical students and physicians supporting patient inclusion and laboratory staff for sample preparation. Specifically, we thank Mariette Ravenhorst and the research team of the RECoVERD/VIS- cohort study for providing control samples and Eli Vlessing for his creative efforts. Finally, we are most grateful to all the parents and children participating in this study. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Keuning, Grobben, Bijlsma, Anker, Berman-de Jong, Cohen, Felderhof, de Groen, de Groof, Rijpert, van Eijk, Tejjani, van Rijswijk, Steenhuis, Rispens, Plötz, van Gils and Pajkrt.
PY - 2022/9/9
Y1 - 2022/9/9
N2 - Background: As SARS-CoV-2 will likely continue to circulate, low-impact methods become more relevant to monitor antibody-mediated immunity. Saliva sampling could provide a non-invasive method with reduced impact on children. Studies reporting on the differences between systemic and mucosal humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 are inconsistent in adults and scarce in children. These differences may be further unraveled by exploring associations to demographic and clinical variables. Methods: To evaluate the use of saliva antibody assays, we performed a cross-sectional cohort study by collecting serum and saliva of 223 children attending medical services in the Netherlands (irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms or vaccination) from May to October 2021. With a Luminex and a Wantai assay, we measured prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid-specific IgG and IgA in serum and saliva and explored associations with demographic variables. Findings: The S-specific IgG prevalence was higher in serum 39% (95% CI 32 – 45%) than in saliva 30% (95% CI 24 – 36%) (P ≤ 0.003). Twenty-seven percent (55/205) of children were S-specific IgG positive in serum and saliva, 12% (25/205) were only positive in serum and 3% (6/205) only in saliva. Vaccinated children showed a higher concordance between serum and saliva than infected children. Odds for saliva S-specific IgG positivity were higher in girls compared to boys (aOR 2.63, P = 0.012). Moreover, immunocompromised children showed lower odds for S- and RBD-specific IgG in both serum and saliva compared to healthy children (aOR 0.23 – 0.25, P ≤ 0.050). Conclusions: We showed that saliva-based antibody assays can be useful for identifying SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in a non-invasive manner, and that IgG prevalence may be affected by sex and immunocompromisation. Differences between infection and vaccination, between sexes and between immunocompromised and healthy children should be further investigated and considered when choosing systemic or mucosal antibody measurement.
AB - Background: As SARS-CoV-2 will likely continue to circulate, low-impact methods become more relevant to monitor antibody-mediated immunity. Saliva sampling could provide a non-invasive method with reduced impact on children. Studies reporting on the differences between systemic and mucosal humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 are inconsistent in adults and scarce in children. These differences may be further unraveled by exploring associations to demographic and clinical variables. Methods: To evaluate the use of saliva antibody assays, we performed a cross-sectional cohort study by collecting serum and saliva of 223 children attending medical services in the Netherlands (irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms or vaccination) from May to October 2021. With a Luminex and a Wantai assay, we measured prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid-specific IgG and IgA in serum and saliva and explored associations with demographic variables. Findings: The S-specific IgG prevalence was higher in serum 39% (95% CI 32 – 45%) than in saliva 30% (95% CI 24 – 36%) (P ≤ 0.003). Twenty-seven percent (55/205) of children were S-specific IgG positive in serum and saliva, 12% (25/205) were only positive in serum and 3% (6/205) only in saliva. Vaccinated children showed a higher concordance between serum and saliva than infected children. Odds for saliva S-specific IgG positivity were higher in girls compared to boys (aOR 2.63, P = 0.012). Moreover, immunocompromised children showed lower odds for S- and RBD-specific IgG in both serum and saliva compared to healthy children (aOR 0.23 – 0.25, P ≤ 0.050). Conclusions: We showed that saliva-based antibody assays can be useful for identifying SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in a non-invasive manner, and that IgG prevalence may be affected by sex and immunocompromisation. Differences between infection and vaccination, between sexes and between immunocompromised and healthy children should be further investigated and considered when choosing systemic or mucosal antibody measurement.
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - antibody prevalence
KW - children
KW - mucosal IgG
KW - mucosal antibody response
KW - saliva antibodies
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85138630148&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.976382
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.976382
M3 - Article
C2 - 36159841
SN - 1664-3224
VL - 13
JO - Frontiers in immunology
JF - Frontiers in immunology
M1 - 976382
ER -