Differential usage of cellular niches by cytomegalovirus versus EBV- and influenza virus-specific CD8⁺ T cells

Immunological memory provides long-term protection against reinfection or reactivation of pathogens. Murine memory T cell populations may be compressed following infections with new pathogens. Humans have to retain memory T cells directed against a variety of microbes for many decades. Under these circumstances, the effect of pathogens that mount robust T cell reactivity on the pre-existing memory directed against unrelated microbes is unknown. In this study, we studied peripheral blood memory CD8⁺ T cells directed against different viruses following primary CMV infection in renal transplant recipients. The entrance of CMV-specific CD8⁺ T cells expanded the Ag-primed CD8⁺ T cell compartment rather than competing for space with pre-existing memory T cells specific for persistent or cleared viruses. Neither numbers nor phenotype of EBV- or influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cells was altered by primary CMV infection. CMV-specific CD8⁺ T cells accumulated over time, resulting in increased total CD8⁺ T cell numbers. Additionally, they acquired a highly differentiated cytolytic phenotype that was clearly distinct from EBV- or influenza-reactive T cells. Thus, the human immune system appears to be flexible and is able to expand when encountering CMV. In view of the phenotypic differences between virus-specific T cells, this expansion may take place in cellular niches different from those occupied by EBV- or influenza-specific T cells, thereby preserving immunity to these pathogens.