Gender and Sexuality in Disorders/Differences of Sex Development

Intersex conditions or disorders/differences of sex development (DSD)
are conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal and/or genital characteristics is atypical. Studies in individuals with DSD conditions may provide valuable insights on the roles played by sex chromosomes, sex hormones, sex anatomy and gender of rearing in the development of gender role and gender identity. An overview is given regarding various aspects that may be influenced in individuals with DSD conditions: play behaviour, activities, interests, cognitive functioning and brain development. Furthermore, we will highlight gender development across the DSD spectrum by describing the literature regarding gender identity and expression in individuals with DSD conditions. Gender dysphoria and gender change are more prevalent in individuals with DSD conditions. These findings have also been important in the debate around gender assignment in individuals born with ambiguous genitalia. In addition, we will describe sexual development, as sex-atypical physical appearance, hormone replacement therapy, past surgical interventions, and psychological issues may all affect sexuality. Recent developments show there is more room for gender diversity in society. A less binary approach to gender may also positively influence feelings regarding gender in variations of sex development.