TY - JOUR
T1 - Is Indonesia achieving universal health coverage?
T2 - Secondary analysis of national data on insurance coverage, health spending and service availability
AU - Pratiwi, Agnes Bhakti
AU - Setiyaningsih, Hermawati
AU - Kok, Maarten Olivier
AU - Hoekstra, Trynke
AU - Mukti, Ali Ghufron
AU - Pisani, Elizabeth
N1 - Funding Information: Twitter Agnes Bhakti Pratiwi @PratiwiAgnes12, Trynke Hoekstra @TrynkeHoekstra and Elizabeth Pisani @ElizabethPisani Acknowledgements This study was funded by Netherlands Universities Foundation for International Cooperation (NUFFIC). ABP received funding from Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP). We thank D.L. Dick Willems and R.S. Padmawati for valuable input and support. Funding Information: Funding Netherlands Universities Foundation for International Cooperation (NUFFIC). Grant number NICHE/ IDN/ 226: CF 9900. ABP received funding from Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) number 201909222915503. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/10/4
Y1 - 2021/10/4
N2 - OBJECTIVES: To analyse the relationship between health need, insurance coverage, health service availability, service use, insurance claims and out-of-pocket spending on health across Indonesia.DESIGN: Secondary analysis of nationally representative quantitative data. We merged four national data sets: the National Socioeconomic Survey 2018, National Census of Villages 2018, Population Health Development Index 2018 and National Insurance Records to end 2017. Descriptive analysis and linear regression were performed.SETTING: Indonesia has one of the world's largest single-payer national health insurance schemes. Data are individual and district level; all are representative for each of the country's 514 districts.PARTICIPANTS: Anonymised secondary data from 1 131 825 individual records in the National Socioeconomic Survey and 83 931 village records in the village census. Aggregate data for 220 million insured citizens.PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Health service use and out-of-pocket payments, by health need, insurance status and service availability. Secondary outcome: insurance claims.RESULTS: Self-reported national health insurance registration (60.6%) is about 10% lower compared with the insurer's report (71.1%). Insurance coverage is highest in poorer areas, where service provision, and thus service use and health spending, are lowest. Inpatient use is higher among the insured than the uninsured (OR 2.35, 95% CI 2.27 to 2.42), controlling for health need and access), and poorer patients are most likely to report free inpatient care (53% in wealth quintile 1 vs 41% in Q5). Insured patients spend US$ 3.14 more on hospitalisation than the uninsured (95% CI 1.98 to 4.31), but the difference disappears when controlled for wealth. Lack of services is a major constraint on service use, insurance claims and out-of-pocket spending.CONCLUSIONS: The Indonesian public insurance system protects many inpatients, especially the poorest, from excessive spending. However, others, especially in Eastern Indonesia cannot benefit because few services are available. To achieve health equity, the Indonesian government needs to address supply side constraints and reduce structural underfunding.
AB - OBJECTIVES: To analyse the relationship between health need, insurance coverage, health service availability, service use, insurance claims and out-of-pocket spending on health across Indonesia.DESIGN: Secondary analysis of nationally representative quantitative data. We merged four national data sets: the National Socioeconomic Survey 2018, National Census of Villages 2018, Population Health Development Index 2018 and National Insurance Records to end 2017. Descriptive analysis and linear regression were performed.SETTING: Indonesia has one of the world's largest single-payer national health insurance schemes. Data are individual and district level; all are representative for each of the country's 514 districts.PARTICIPANTS: Anonymised secondary data from 1 131 825 individual records in the National Socioeconomic Survey and 83 931 village records in the village census. Aggregate data for 220 million insured citizens.PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Health service use and out-of-pocket payments, by health need, insurance status and service availability. Secondary outcome: insurance claims.RESULTS: Self-reported national health insurance registration (60.6%) is about 10% lower compared with the insurer's report (71.1%). Insurance coverage is highest in poorer areas, where service provision, and thus service use and health spending, are lowest. Inpatient use is higher among the insured than the uninsured (OR 2.35, 95% CI 2.27 to 2.42), controlling for health need and access), and poorer patients are most likely to report free inpatient care (53% in wealth quintile 1 vs 41% in Q5). Insured patients spend US$ 3.14 more on hospitalisation than the uninsured (95% CI 1.98 to 4.31), but the difference disappears when controlled for wealth. Lack of services is a major constraint on service use, insurance claims and out-of-pocket spending.CONCLUSIONS: The Indonesian public insurance system protects many inpatients, especially the poorest, from excessive spending. However, others, especially in Eastern Indonesia cannot benefit because few services are available. To achieve health equity, the Indonesian government needs to address supply side constraints and reduce structural underfunding.
KW - health economics
KW - health policy
KW - health services administration & management
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U2 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050565
DO - https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050565
M3 - Article
C2 - 34607864
SN - 2044-6055
VL - 11
SP - 1
EP - 11
JO - BMJ Open
JF - BMJ Open
IS - 10
M1 - e050565
ER -