Leadless cardiac pacing systems: current status and future prospects

Introduction: Permanent transvenous pacemaker therapy is an essential management option in patients with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias, but harbors a concomitant risk of serious complications. As most complications are lead- or pocket-related, intracardiac leadless pacemaker therapy has the potential to positively impact patient outcome. Since the first leadless pacemaker implant in 2012, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and applicability of this novel pacing approach.Areas covered: This review will cover the current status of leadless pacemaker technology. Available safety and efficacy outcomes, current area of indication, and end-of-life management will be evaluated. Furthermore, future perspectives for clinical practice and new pacing modalities are discussed.Expert opinion: The first-generation leadless pacemakers are a promising innovation that provide safe and efficient single-chamber pacing therapy without the use of transvenous pacemaker leads. Yet, broad implementation of this technology is hampered by limitations of the current leadless devices, such as end-of-life management and its single-chamber pacing indication. Further innovations such as leadless dual-chamber pacing therapy, leadless cardiac synchronization therapy, energy-harvesting leadless pacemakers, communicating leadless pacemakers with subcutaneous implantable cardiac defibrillators, and minimally invasive completely extracardiac pacemakers are currently being developed that have the potential to become major game changers in pacing therapy.