TY - JOUR
T1 - Liver impairment—the potential application of volatile organic compounds in hepatology
AU - Stavropoulos, Georgios
AU - van Munster, Kim
AU - Ferrandino, Giuseppe
AU - Sauca, Marius
AU - Ponsioen, Cyriel
AU - van Schooten, Frederik-Jan
AU - Smolinska, Agnieszka
N1 - Funding Information: Funding: The present study was supported by the VENI grant, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) no. 016 VENI 178.064. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/9/1
Y1 - 2021/9/1
N2 - Liver diseases are currently diagnosed through liver biopsy. Its invasiveness, costs, and relatively low diagnostic accuracy require new techniques to be sought. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human bio-matrices has received a lot of attention. It is known that a musty odour characterises liver impairment, resulting in the elucidation of volatile chemicals in the breath and other body fluids such as urine and stool, which may serve as biomarkers of a disease. Aims: This study aims to review all the studies found in the literature regarding VOCs in liver diseases, and to summarise all the identified compounds that could be used as diagnostic or prognostic bi-omarkers. The literature search was conducted on ScienceDirect and PubMed, and each eligible publication was qualitatively assessed by two independent evaluators using the SANRA critical appraisal tool. Results: In the search, 58 publications were found, and 28 were kept for inclusion: 23 were about VOCs in the breath, one in the bile, three in urine, and one in faeces. Each publication was graded from zero to ten. A graphical summary of the metabolic pathways showcasing the known liver disease-related VOCs and suggestions on how VOC analysis on liver impairment could be applied in clinical practice are given.
AB - Liver diseases are currently diagnosed through liver biopsy. Its invasiveness, costs, and relatively low diagnostic accuracy require new techniques to be sought. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human bio-matrices has received a lot of attention. It is known that a musty odour characterises liver impairment, resulting in the elucidation of volatile chemicals in the breath and other body fluids such as urine and stool, which may serve as biomarkers of a disease. Aims: This study aims to review all the studies found in the literature regarding VOCs in liver diseases, and to summarise all the identified compounds that could be used as diagnostic or prognostic bi-omarkers. The literature search was conducted on ScienceDirect and PubMed, and each eligible publication was qualitatively assessed by two independent evaluators using the SANRA critical appraisal tool. Results: In the search, 58 publications were found, and 28 were kept for inclusion: 23 were about VOCs in the breath, one in the bile, three in urine, and one in faeces. Each publication was graded from zero to ten. A graphical summary of the metabolic pathways showcasing the known liver disease-related VOCs and suggestions on how VOC analysis on liver impairment could be applied in clinical practice are given.
KW - Bile
KW - Breath
KW - Faeces
KW - Liver diseases
KW - Noninvasive
KW - Urine
KW - VOCs
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85115229025&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090618
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090618
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34564434
SN - 2218-1989
VL - 11
JO - Metabolites
JF - Metabolites
IS - 9
M1 - 618
ER -