@article{f57d5d7a81d54a86a1cef2ae6ffb33a9,
title = "Long-term effects of cognitive training in Parkinson's disease: A randomized, controlled trial",
abstract = "Background: Computerized cognitive training may be promising to improve cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease and has even been suggested to delay cognitive decline. However, evidence to date is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the durability of eight-week cognitive training effects at up to two years follow-up. Methods: One hundred and thirty-six (1 3 6) individuals with Parkinson's disease, subjective cognitive complaints but without severe cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment ≥ 22) participated in this double-blind RCT. Participants underwent an eight-week home-based intervention of either adaptive, computerized cognitive training with BrainGymmer (n = 68) or an active control (n = 68). They underwent extensive neuropsychological assessment, psychiatric questionnaires and motor symptom assessment at baseline and one and two years after the intervention. We used mixed-model analyses to assess changes in cognitive function at follow-up and performed Fisher's exact tests to assess conversion of cognitive status. Results: There were no group differences on any neuropsychological assessment outcome at one- and two-year follow-up. Groups were equally likely to show conversion of cognitive status at follow-up. A considerable amount of assessments was missed (1y: n = 27; 2y: n = 33), most notably due to COVID-19 regulations. Conclusions: Eight-week cognitive training did not affect long-term cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. Future studies may focus on one cognitive subgroup to enhance reliability of study results. Intervention improvements are needed to work towards effective, lasting treatment options.",
keywords = "Cognitive impairment, Cognitive training, Long-term effects, Parkinson's disease, RCT",
author = "{van Balkom}, {Tim D.} and {van den Heuvel}, {Odile A.} and Berendse, {Henk W.} and {van der Werf}, {Ysbrand D.} and Hagen, {Rob H.} and Tanja Berk and Chris Vriend",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank drs. A.C.M. Kramer, A.L. Schrijer BSc. drs. A.M. Ticheler, A. van Weert BSc. drs. B.E. Olgers, D.N. van Deursen BSc. drs. E. Koedijk, drs. E.L. Vester, D.W. van Wylick BSc. drs. L. Drost, drs. F. Kooij, I. Ashour BSc. drs. I. Zijlstra, J. Breunese BSc. drs. J.S.R. Biesbroeck, drs. J.P.A. van Dulm MD, drs. J.F. Stormmesand, drs. J.R.C. Verhaegh, K. Basant BSc. drs. M.J. Wagenmakers, mw. M.W. van der Wijk, drs. M.A. Laansma, M.M.A. Schyns BSc. drs. M. Rombouts, drs. M.G.M.S. Schokker, N.M.C. Samoei BSc. R.G.G. Busby BSc. drs. S. Kasprzak, and mw. V. Joosten, former interns at the department of Anatomy & Neurosciences of the Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, for their invaluable work on the data collection. We thank the COGTIPS user committee – dr. J.L.W. Bosboom MD, dr. G.J. Geurtsen, drs. W.J. Oudegeest MD, and drs. E. van der Rhee – for their advice and guidance in the execution and implementation of the trial. This work was supported by the Dutch Parkinson's Disease Patient Association [grant number 2015-R04]; and the Netherlands Brain Foundation [grant number HA-2017-00227]. Part of the participant recruitment was accomplished through Hersenonderzoek.nl, a Dutch online registry that facilitates participant recruitment for neuroscience studies (https://www.hersenonderzoek.nl). Hersenonderzoek.nl is funded by ZonMw-Memorabel (project no 73305095003), a project in the context of the Dutch Deltaplan Dementie, Gieskes-Strijbis Foundation, the Alzheimer's Society in the Netherlands and Brain Foundation Netherlands. Participants were additionally recruited through ParkinsonNEXT, a Dutch online registry that aims to unite patients, researchers and clinicians wanting to contribute to research and innovation in Parkinson's disease and Parkinsonism. ParkinsonNEXT produces information about ongoing studies and facilitates the recruitment of patients. Funding Information: This work was supported by the Dutch Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease Patient Association [grant number 2015-R04]; and the Netherlands Brain Foundation [grant number HA-2017-00227]. Funding Information: Part of the participant recruitment was accomplished through Hersenonderzoek.nl , a Dutch online registry that facilitates participant recruitment for neuroscience studies ( https://www.hersenonderzoek.nl ). Hersenonderzoek.nl is funded by ZonMw-Memorabel (project no 73305095003), a project in the context of the Dutch Deltaplan Dementie, Gieskes-Strijbis Foundation, the Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Society in the Netherlands and Brain Foundation Netherlands. Participants were additionally recruited through ParkinsonNEXT, a Dutch online registry that aims to unite patients, researchers and clinicians wanting to contribute to research and innovation in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease and Parkinsonism. ParkinsonNEXT produces information about ongoing studies and facilitates the recruitment of patients. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 The Author(s)",
year = "2023",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100204",
language = "English",
volume = "9",
journal = "Clinical Parkinsonism and Related Disorders",
issn = "2590-1125",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd",
}