TY - JOUR
T1 - Low-Protein Infant Formula and Obesity Risk
AU - Kouwenhoven, Stefanie M. P.
AU - Muts, Jacqueline
AU - Finken, Martijn J. J.
AU - van Goudoever, Johannes B.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/7/1
Y1 - 2022/7/1
N2 - Infant formulas have been designed to mimic human milk for infants who cannot be breastfed. The overall goal is to establish similar functional outcomes to assure optimal growth, de-velopment, maturation of the immune system, and programming of the metabolic system. However, after decades of improving infant formula, growth patterns and body composition development are still different in formula-fed infants compared to breastfed infants, which could contribute to an increased risk of obesity among formula-fed infants. It has been hypothesized that the lower protein concentration of breast milk compared to infant formula influences infants’ growth and body composition. Thus, several trials in formula-fed infants with different protein intake levels have been performed to test this hypothesis. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on low-protein infant formula and obesity risk, including future perspectives and implications.
AB - Infant formulas have been designed to mimic human milk for infants who cannot be breastfed. The overall goal is to establish similar functional outcomes to assure optimal growth, de-velopment, maturation of the immune system, and programming of the metabolic system. However, after decades of improving infant formula, growth patterns and body composition development are still different in formula-fed infants compared to breastfed infants, which could contribute to an increased risk of obesity among formula-fed infants. It has been hypothesized that the lower protein concentration of breast milk compared to infant formula influences infants’ growth and body composition. Thus, several trials in formula-fed infants with different protein intake levels have been performed to test this hypothesis. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on low-protein infant formula and obesity risk, including future perspectives and implications.
KW - amino acids
KW - childhood obesity
KW - early nutrition
KW - infant nutrition
KW - protein intake
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85133130782&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132728
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132728
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35807908
SN - 2072-6643
VL - 14
JO - NUTRIENTS
JF - NUTRIENTS
IS - 13
M1 - 2728
ER -