TY - JOUR
T1 - Low vitamin D status is associated with more depressive symptoms in Dutch older adults
AU - Brouwer-Brolsma, E. M.
AU - Dhonukshe-Rutten, R. A. M.
AU - van Wijngaarden, J. P.
AU - van der Zwaluw, N. L.
AU - Sohl, E.
AU - In't Veld, P. H.
AU - van Dijk, S. C.
AU - Swart, K. M. A.
AU - Enneman, A. W.
AU - Ham, A. C.
AU - van Schoor, N. M.
AU - van der Velde, N.
AU - Uitterlinden, A. G.
AU - Lips, P.
AU - Feskens, E. J. M.
AU - de Groot, L. C. P. G. M.
PY - 2016/6
Y1 - 2016/6
N2 - The existence of vitamin D receptors in the brain points to a possible role of vitamin D in brain function. We examined the association of vitamin D status and vitamin D-related genetic make-up with depressive symptoms amongst 2839 Dutch older adults aged ≥65 years. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured, and five 'vitamin D-related genes' were selected. Depressive symptoms were measured with the 15-point Geriatric Depression Scale. Results were expressed as the relative risk of the score of depressive symptoms by quartiles of 25(OH)D concentration or number of affected alleles, using the lowest quartile or minor allele group as reference. A clear cross-sectional and prospective association between serum 25(OH)D and depressive symptom score was observed. Fully adjusted models indicated a 22 % (RR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.68-0.89), 21 % (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.68-0.90), and 18 % (RR 0.82, 95 % CI 0.71-0.95) lower score of depressive symptoms in people in the second, third, and fourth 25(OH)D quartiles, when compared to people in the first quartile (P for trend <0.0001). After 2 years of daily 15 µg vitamin D supplementation, similar associations were observed. 25(OH)D concentrations did not significantly interact with the selected genes. Low serum 25(OH)D was associated with higher depressive symptom scores. No interactions between 25(OH)D concentrations and vitamin D genetic make-up were observed. In view of the probability of reverse causation, we propose that the association should be further examined in prospective studies as well as in randomized controlled trials
AB - The existence of vitamin D receptors in the brain points to a possible role of vitamin D in brain function. We examined the association of vitamin D status and vitamin D-related genetic make-up with depressive symptoms amongst 2839 Dutch older adults aged ≥65 years. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured, and five 'vitamin D-related genes' were selected. Depressive symptoms were measured with the 15-point Geriatric Depression Scale. Results were expressed as the relative risk of the score of depressive symptoms by quartiles of 25(OH)D concentration or number of affected alleles, using the lowest quartile or minor allele group as reference. A clear cross-sectional and prospective association between serum 25(OH)D and depressive symptom score was observed. Fully adjusted models indicated a 22 % (RR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.68-0.89), 21 % (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.68-0.90), and 18 % (RR 0.82, 95 % CI 0.71-0.95) lower score of depressive symptoms in people in the second, third, and fourth 25(OH)D quartiles, when compared to people in the first quartile (P for trend <0.0001). After 2 years of daily 15 µg vitamin D supplementation, similar associations were observed. 25(OH)D concentrations did not significantly interact with the selected genes. Low serum 25(OH)D was associated with higher depressive symptom scores. No interactions between 25(OH)D concentrations and vitamin D genetic make-up were observed. In view of the probability of reverse causation, we propose that the association should be further examined in prospective studies as well as in randomized controlled trials
KW - Depression
KW - Diabetes
KW - Elderly
KW - Vitamin D
KW - Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0970-6
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-0970-6
M3 - Article
C2 - 26141257
SN - 1436-6207
VL - 55
SP - 1525
EP - 1534
JO - European Journal of Nutrition
JF - European Journal of Nutrition
IS - 4
ER -