TY - JOUR
T1 - (HIIT-The Track) High-Intensity Interval Training for People with Parkinson’s Disease
T2 - Individual Response Patterns of (Non-)Motor Symptoms and Blood-Based Biomarkers—A Crossover Single-Case Experimental Design
AU - Gomes, Elvira S. Amaral
AU - van den Heuvel, Odile A.
AU - Rietberg, Marc B.
AU - de Groot, Vincent
AU - Hirsch, Mark A.
AU - van de Berg, Wilma D. J.
AU - Vriend, Chris
AU - Vanbellingen, Tim
AU - van Wegen, Erwin E. H.
N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the Dutch Parkinson Association (ParkinsonVereniging, grant number: 2019-R05) and the Dutch Brain Foundation (Hersenstichting, grant number DR2019-00311). The sponsors had no role in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit the article for publication. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/6/1
Y1 - 2023/6/1
N2 - Introduction: Physical exercise is receiving increasing interest as an augmentative non-pharmacological intervention in Parkinson’s disease (PD). This pilot study primarily aimed to quantify individual response patterns of motor symptoms to alternating exercise modalities, along with non-motor functioning and blood biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neurodegeneration. Materials & Methods: People with PD performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) using a crossover single-case experimental design. A repeated assessment of outcome measures was conducted. The trajectories of outcome measures were visualized in time series plots and interpreted relative to the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and smallest detectable change (SDC) or as a change in the positive or negative direction using trend lines. Results: Data of three participants were analyzed and engaging in physical exercise seemed beneficial for reducing motor symptoms. Participant 1 demonstrated improvement in motor function, independent of exercise modality; while for participant 2, such a clinically relevant (positive) change in motor function was only observed in response to CAE. Participant 3 showed improved motor function after HIIT, but no comparison could be made with CAE because of drop-out. Heterogeneous responses on secondary outcome measures were found, not only between exercise modalities but also among participants. Conclusion: Though this study underpins the positive impact of physical exercise in the management of PD, large variability in individual response patterns to the interventions among participants makes it difficult to identify clear exercise-induced adaptations in functioning and blood biomarkers. Further research is needed to overcome methodological challenges in measuring individual response patterns.
AB - Introduction: Physical exercise is receiving increasing interest as an augmentative non-pharmacological intervention in Parkinson’s disease (PD). This pilot study primarily aimed to quantify individual response patterns of motor symptoms to alternating exercise modalities, along with non-motor functioning and blood biomarkers of neuroplasticity and neurodegeneration. Materials & Methods: People with PD performed high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic exercise (CAE) using a crossover single-case experimental design. A repeated assessment of outcome measures was conducted. The trajectories of outcome measures were visualized in time series plots and interpreted relative to the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and smallest detectable change (SDC) or as a change in the positive or negative direction using trend lines. Results: Data of three participants were analyzed and engaging in physical exercise seemed beneficial for reducing motor symptoms. Participant 1 demonstrated improvement in motor function, independent of exercise modality; while for participant 2, such a clinically relevant (positive) change in motor function was only observed in response to CAE. Participant 3 showed improved motor function after HIIT, but no comparison could be made with CAE because of drop-out. Heterogeneous responses on secondary outcome measures were found, not only between exercise modalities but also among participants. Conclusion: Though this study underpins the positive impact of physical exercise in the management of PD, large variability in individual response patterns to the interventions among participants makes it difficult to identify clear exercise-induced adaptations in functioning and blood biomarkers. Further research is needed to overcome methodological challenges in measuring individual response patterns.
KW - Parkinson’s disease
KW - brain-derived neurotrophic factor
KW - endurance training
KW - neurofilament proteins
KW - neuroprotection
KW - rehabilitation, exercise, high intensity interval training
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85163781182&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060849
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060849
M3 - Article
C2 - 37371330
SN - 2076-3425
VL - 13
JO - Brain sciences
JF - Brain sciences
IS - 6
M1 - 849
ER -