TY - JOUR
T1 - Acupuncture as multi-targeted therapy for the multifactorial disease obesity
T2 - a complex neuro-endocrine-immune interplay
AU - Landgraaf, Raymond Guy
AU - Bloem, Michelle Nicté
AU - Fumagalli, Massimo
AU - Benninga, Marc Alexander
AU - de Lorijn, Fleur
AU - Nieuwdorp, Max
N1 - Funding Information: We thank M. Wijdeveld for her help creating the Figures 1, 2 and H. Pijl, G. Lupi, N.C. de Clercq, R.J. de Muinck Keizer, H.J.R. Hoenders, E.C. Waarsenburg, J. van de Pas, and B.F.M. van den Brand for proofreading the article and for their precious advice. We thank all staff members at Sinomedica. Finally, we dedicate our work to all patients suffering from obesity, as they motivate and inspire us to execute this work. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 Landgraaf, Bloem, Fumagalli, Benninga, de Lorijn and Nieuwdorp.
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic dimensions. It is associated with multiple comorbidities and is becoming a clinical and public health threat. Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a complex pathophysiology and interplay of various systems. A strong interplay exists between the neuro-endocrine system, the immune system with systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, and microbiome dysbiosis that can lead to the development of obesity, which in turn can exacerbate each of these factors, hence creating a vicious cycle. The conventional treatment with lifestyle modifications such as diet, physical exercise, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery does not always result in sufficient weight control thus paving the way for other strategies. As one such strategy, acupuncture is increasingly used worldwide to treat obesity. This narrative review outlines the evidence for this neuro-endocrine-immune interplay in the pathophysiology of obesity. Furthermore, the existing experimental and clinical evidence of acupuncture as a multi-targeted therapy for obesity is explained and future research perspectives are discussed.
AB - The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic dimensions. It is associated with multiple comorbidities and is becoming a clinical and public health threat. Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a complex pathophysiology and interplay of various systems. A strong interplay exists between the neuro-endocrine system, the immune system with systemic chronic low-grade inflammation, and microbiome dysbiosis that can lead to the development of obesity, which in turn can exacerbate each of these factors, hence creating a vicious cycle. The conventional treatment with lifestyle modifications such as diet, physical exercise, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery does not always result in sufficient weight control thus paving the way for other strategies. As one such strategy, acupuncture is increasingly used worldwide to treat obesity. This narrative review outlines the evidence for this neuro-endocrine-immune interplay in the pathophysiology of obesity. Furthermore, the existing experimental and clinical evidence of acupuncture as a multi-targeted therapy for obesity is explained and future research perspectives are discussed.
KW - acupuncture
KW - appetite regulating hormones
KW - chronic low-grade inflammation
KW - gut microbiota dysbiosis
KW - insulin resistance
KW - leptin resistance
KW - obesity
KW - weight-loss
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85173585459&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1236370
DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1236370
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37795371
SN - 1664-2392
VL - 14
JO - Frontiers in Endocrinology
JF - Frontiers in Endocrinology
M1 - 1236370
ER -