TY - JOUR
T1 - Acute clinical evaluation for the diagnosis of lateral ankle ligament injuries is useful
T2 - A comparison between the acute and delayed settings
AU - Baltes, Thomas P. A.
AU - Geertsema, Celeste
AU - Geertsema, Liesel
AU - Holtzhausen, Louis
AU - Arnáiz, Javier
AU - Al-Naimi, Maryam R.
AU - Al-Sayrafi, Omar
AU - Whiteley, Rod
AU - Slim, Monia
AU - D'Hooghe, Pieter
AU - Kerkhoffs, Gino M. M. J.
AU - Tol, Johannes L.
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024 The Authors. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Sports Traumatology, Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy.
PY - 2024/3/1
Y1 - 2024/3/1
N2 - Purpose: To determine the diagnostic value of seven injury history variables, nine clinical tests (including the combination thereof) and overall clinical suspicion for complete discontinuity of the lateral ankle ligaments in the acute (0–2 days post-injury) and delayed setting (5–8 days post-injury). Methods: All acute ankle injuries in adult athletes (≥18 years) presenting up to 2 days post-injury were assessed for eligibility. Athletes were excluded if imaging studies demonstrated a frank fracture or 3 T MRI could not be acquired within 10 days post-injury. Using standardized history variables and clinical tests, acute clinical evaluation was performed within 2 days post-injury. Delayed clinical evaluation was performed 5–8 days post-injury. Overall, clinical suspicion was recorded after clinical evaluation. MRI was used as the reference standard. Results: Between February 2018 and February 2020, a total of 117 acute ankle injuries were screened for eligibility, of which 43 were included in this study. Complete discontinuity of lateral ankle ligaments was observed in 23 (53%) acute ankle injuries. In the acute setting, lateral swelling had 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82–100) sensitivity, haematoma had 85% (95% CI: 61–96) specificity and the anterior drawer test had 100% (95% CI: 77–100) specificity. In the delayed setting, sensitivity for the presence of haematoma improved from 43% (95% CI: 24–65) to 91% (95% CI: 70–98; p < 0.01) and the sensitivity of the anterior drawer test improved from 21% (95% CI: 7–46) to 61% (95% CI: 39–80; p = 0.02). Clinical suspicion had a positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 4.35 (95% CI: 0.55–34.17) in the acute setting and a positive LR of 6.09 (95% CI: 1.57–23.60) in the delayed setting. Conclusions: In the acute setting, clinical evaluation can exclude complete discontinuity (e.g., absent lateral swelling) and identify athletes with a high probability of complete discontinuity (e.g., positive anterior drawer test) of the lateral ankle ligaments. In the delayed setting, the sensitivity of common clinical findings increases resulting in an improved diagnostic accuracy. In clinical practice, this study underlines the importance of meticulous clinical evaluation in the acute setting. Level of Evidence: Level III.
AB - Purpose: To determine the diagnostic value of seven injury history variables, nine clinical tests (including the combination thereof) and overall clinical suspicion for complete discontinuity of the lateral ankle ligaments in the acute (0–2 days post-injury) and delayed setting (5–8 days post-injury). Methods: All acute ankle injuries in adult athletes (≥18 years) presenting up to 2 days post-injury were assessed for eligibility. Athletes were excluded if imaging studies demonstrated a frank fracture or 3 T MRI could not be acquired within 10 days post-injury. Using standardized history variables and clinical tests, acute clinical evaluation was performed within 2 days post-injury. Delayed clinical evaluation was performed 5–8 days post-injury. Overall, clinical suspicion was recorded after clinical evaluation. MRI was used as the reference standard. Results: Between February 2018 and February 2020, a total of 117 acute ankle injuries were screened for eligibility, of which 43 were included in this study. Complete discontinuity of lateral ankle ligaments was observed in 23 (53%) acute ankle injuries. In the acute setting, lateral swelling had 100% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82–100) sensitivity, haematoma had 85% (95% CI: 61–96) specificity and the anterior drawer test had 100% (95% CI: 77–100) specificity. In the delayed setting, sensitivity for the presence of haematoma improved from 43% (95% CI: 24–65) to 91% (95% CI: 70–98; p < 0.01) and the sensitivity of the anterior drawer test improved from 21% (95% CI: 7–46) to 61% (95% CI: 39–80; p = 0.02). Clinical suspicion had a positive likelihood ratio (LR) of 4.35 (95% CI: 0.55–34.17) in the acute setting and a positive LR of 6.09 (95% CI: 1.57–23.60) in the delayed setting. Conclusions: In the acute setting, clinical evaluation can exclude complete discontinuity (e.g., absent lateral swelling) and identify athletes with a high probability of complete discontinuity (e.g., positive anterior drawer test) of the lateral ankle ligaments. In the delayed setting, the sensitivity of common clinical findings increases resulting in an improved diagnostic accuracy. In clinical practice, this study underlines the importance of meticulous clinical evaluation in the acute setting. Level of Evidence: Level III.
KW - ankle
KW - clinical assessment
KW - general sports trauma
KW - ligaments
KW - sensitivity and specificity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85187808189&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/ksa.12079
DO - 10.1002/ksa.12079
M3 - Article
C2 - 38385771
SN - 0942-2056
VL - 32
SP - 550
EP - 561
JO - Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy
JF - Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy
IS - 3
ER -