Alcohol

This chapter first discusses the prevalence of alcohol use and the patterns of alcohol use in different countries worldwide. Criteria for alcohol use disorders (AUDs; alcohol abuse and dependence) are described. The acute and chronic effects of alcohol on the human peripheral and central nervous system are outlined. Unintentional and intentional injuries due to alcohol use are a considerable part of the disease burden of alcohol use, and comprise traffic accidents, alcohol poisoning, cancer, and liver disorders. Chronic heavy alcohol use is associated with negative health effects such as gastrointestinal abnormalities, and with structural and functional brain abnormalities. These negative health effects are higher when heavier alcohol use is present. Negative effects on cognitive functions have been reported for heavy alcohol use, but results are less evident for moderate alcohol use. The potential beneficial effects of light alcohol use (mostly defined as a maximum of 7 drinks per week, spread evenly) are suggested to have some health benefits. Risk factors associated with AUDs are discussed at the genetic, psychological, and environmental level. Effective -psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for AUDs are outlined.