@article{9d0bd6dc9d5245c1b2d104e44c1cd051,
title = "Associations between smoking and caffeine consumption in two European cohorts",
abstract = "Aims: To estimate associations between smoking initiation, smoking persistence and smoking heaviness and caffeine consumption in two population-based samples from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Design: Observational study employing data on self-reported smoking behaviour and caffeine consumption. Setting: Adults from the general population in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Participants: Participants from the Netherlands Twin Register [NTR: n = 21 939, mean age 40.8, standard deviation (SD) = 16.9, 62.6% female] and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: n = 9086, mean age 33.2, SD = 4.7, 100% female). Measurements: Smoking initiation (ever versus never smoking), smoking persistence (current versus former smoking), smoking heaviness (number of cigarettes smoked) and caffeine consumption in mg per day through coffee, tea, cola and energy drinks. Findings: After correction for age, gender (NTR), education and social class (ALSPAC), smoking initiation was associated with consuming on average 52.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.6-60.0; NTR] and 59.5 (95% CI = 51.8-67.2; ALSPAC) mg more caffeine per day. Smoking persistence was also associated with consuming more caffeine [+57.9 (95% CI = 45.2-70.5) and +83.2 (95% CI = 70.2-96.3) mg, respectively]. Each additional cigarette smoked per day was associated with 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9-5.5; NTR) and 8.4 (95% CI = 6.9-10.0; ALSPAC) mg higher daily caffeine consumption in current smokers. Smoking was associated positively with coffee consumption and less strongly with cola and energy drinks. For tea, associations were positive in ALSPAC and negative in NTR. Conclusions: There appears to be a positive association between smoking and caffeine consumption in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.",
keywords = "ALSPAC, Caffeine, Coffee, NTR, Smoking",
author = "Treur, {Jorien L.} and Taylor, {Amy E.} and Ware, {Jennifer J.} and George Mcmahon and Hottenga, {Jouke Jan} and Baselmans, {Bart M.L.} and Gonneke Willemsen and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and Munaf{\`o}, {Marcus R.} and Vink, {Jacqueline M.}",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank the members of the twin families registered with the NTR for participating in this study. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) [Grant number 284167: 'Beyond the Genetics of Addiction' (principal investigator J.M.V.) and Grant number 230374: 'Genetics of Mental Illness' (principal investigator D.I.B.)] and grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO): ZonMW Addiction (31160008 and NWO 016-115-035), Genetic and Family Influences on Adolescent Psychopathology and Wellness (NWO 463-06-001), A twin-sib study of adolescent wellness (NWO-VENI 451-04-034), VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA). J.J.W. is supported by a Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship from the Oak Foundation. A.E.T., M.R.M. and J.J.W. are members of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, a UK Clinical Research Council Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. Support from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/6) is also gratefully acknowledged. We are extremely grateful to all the ALSPAC families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. The UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (Grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and J.L.T., A.E.T., J.J.W., G.M., J.J.H., B.B., D.I.B., M.R.M. and J.M.V. will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 Society for the Study of Addiction.",
year = "2016",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13298",
language = "English",
volume = "111",
pages = "1059--1068",
journal = "Addiction",
issn = "0965-2140",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "6",
}
