Blended versus face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy for severe fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A non-inferiority RCT

Background: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) reduces multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue. Implementation of face-to-face CBT is hindered by limited treatment capacity and traveling distances to treatment locations. Objective: Evaluate whether blended CBT (online treatment modules supported with guidance by a therapist) is non-inferior to face-to-face CBT in reducing fatigue severity in severely fatigued patients with MS. Method: A non-inferiority multicentre randomized clinical trial, in which 166 patients with MS were allocated to either face-to-face or blended CBT. Primary outcome was fatigue severity assessed with the Checklist Individual Strength fatigue subscale directly post-treatment (week 20). Mixed model analysis was used by a statistician blinded for allocation to determine between-group differences post-treatment. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) was compared to a pre-specified non-inferiority margin of 5.32. Results: Blended CBT (N = 82) was non-inferior to face-to-face CBT (N = 84) (B = 1.70, 95% CI: −1.51 to 4.90). Blended CBT significantly reduced therapist time (B = −187.1 minutes, 95% CI: 141.0–233.3). Post hoc analysis showed more improvement (B = −5.35, 95% CI: −9.22 to −1.48) when patients received their preferred treatment. No harm related to treatment was reported. Discussion: Blended CBT is an efficient alternative to face-to-face CBT. Offering the preferred CBT format may optimize treatment outcome.