Cardiovascular disease prevention in women: Impact of dietary interventions

In Western countries, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. Prevalence of risk factors and clinical presentation are different in men and women and it is important to take these differences into account in both prevention and treatment. A healthy diet can substantially reduce cardiovascular risk. This article summarises the evidence of the effects of dietary interventions in women and discuss gender differences where data are available. For a number of specific dietary factors, there is some evidence of gender-specific effects. However, overall risk estimates are not very different from the ones observed in men, and, at this stage, the evidence is insufficient to advocate gender-specific dietary guidelines. Thus a heart-healthy diet is the same for both men and women. However, dietary advice might be more effective in women because of their stronger beliefs in the values of healthy eating. More efforts are needed to further increase awareness of cardiovascular risk and the benefits of a healthy diet. Thus, dietary counselling should be an integral part of the cardiovascular risk management in women.