TY - JOUR
T1 - Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Differential Diagnosis, Molecular Genetic Evaluation, and Implications
AU - Finken, Martijn J. J.
AU - van der Steen, Manouk
AU - Smeets, Carolina C. J.
AU - Walenkamp, Marie J. E.
AU - de Bruin, Christiaan
AU - Hokken-Koelega, Anita C. S.
AU - Wit, Jan M.
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length below -2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are multifactorial and include maternal lifestyle and obstetric factors, placental dysfunction, and numerous fetal (epi)genetic abnormalities. Short-term consequences of SGA include increased risks of hypothermia, polycythemia, and hypoglycemia. Although most SGA infants show catch-up growth by 2 years of age, ∼10% remain short. Short children born SGA are amenable to GH treatment, which increases their adult height by on average 1.25 SD. Add-on treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may be considered in early pubertal children with an expected adult height below -2.5 SDS. A small birth size increases the risk of later neurodevelopmental problems and cardiometabolic diseases. GH treatment does not pose an additional risk.
AB - Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length below -2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are multifactorial and include maternal lifestyle and obstetric factors, placental dysfunction, and numerous fetal (epi)genetic abnormalities. Short-term consequences of SGA include increased risks of hypothermia, polycythemia, and hypoglycemia. Although most SGA infants show catch-up growth by 2 years of age, ∼10% remain short. Short children born SGA are amenable to GH treatment, which increases their adult height by on average 1.25 SD. Add-on treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may be considered in early pubertal children with an expected adult height below -2.5 SDS. A small birth size increases the risk of later neurodevelopmental problems and cardiometabolic diseases. GH treatment does not pose an additional risk.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85056425456&origin=inward
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29982551
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00083
DO - https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2018-00083
M3 - Article
C2 - 29982551
SN - 0163-769X
VL - 39
SP - 851
EP - 894
JO - Endocrine reviews
JF - Endocrine reviews
IS - 6
ER -