TY - JOUR
T1 - Early Determinants of Childhood Blood Pressure at the Age of 6 Years: The GECKO Drenthe and ABCD Study Birth Cohorts
AU - Xie, Tian
AU - Falahi, Fahimeh
AU - Schmidt-Ott, Tabea
AU - Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M.
AU - Corpeleijn, Eva
AU - Snieder, Harold
PY - 2020/11/17
Y1 - 2020/11/17
N2 - Background There is still uncertainty about the nature and relative impact of early determinants on childhood blood pressure. This study explored determinants of blood pressure at the age of 6 years in 2 Dutch birth cohorts. Methods and Results Results of hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses in GECKO (Groningen Expert Center for Kids With Obesity) Drenthe study (n=1613) were replicated in ABCD (Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development) study (n=2052). All analyses were adjusted for child's age, sex, height, and body mass index (BMI), and maternal education and subsequently performed in the combined sample. No associations were found between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood blood pressure. In the total sample, maternal prepregnancy BMI was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β [95% CI], 0.09 [0.02-0.16] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], 0.11 [0.04-0.17] mm Hg). Children of women with hypertension had higher SBP (β [95% CI], 0.98 [0.17-1.79] mm Hg). Birth weight standardized for gestational age was inversely associated with SBP (β [95% CI], -6.93 [-9.25 to -4.61] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], -3.65 [-5.70 to -1.61] mm Hg). Longer gestational age was associated with lower SBP (β [95% CI] per week, -0.25 [-0.42 to -0.08] mm Hg). Breastfeeding for 1 to 3 months was associated with lower SBP (β [95% CI], -0.96 [-1.82 to -0.09] mm Hg) compared with no or <1 month of breastfeeding. Early BMI gain from the age of 2 to 6 years was positively associated with SBP (β [95% CI], 0.41 [0.08-0.74] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], 0.37 [0.07-0.66] mm Hg), but no effect modification by birth weight was found. Conclusions Higher maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal hypertension, a relatively lower birth weight for gestational age, shorter gestational age, limited duration of breastfeeding, and more rapid early BMI gain contribute to higher childhood blood pressure at the age of 6 years.
AB - Background There is still uncertainty about the nature and relative impact of early determinants on childhood blood pressure. This study explored determinants of blood pressure at the age of 6 years in 2 Dutch birth cohorts. Methods and Results Results of hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses in GECKO (Groningen Expert Center for Kids With Obesity) Drenthe study (n=1613) were replicated in ABCD (Amsterdam Born Children and Their Development) study (n=2052). All analyses were adjusted for child's age, sex, height, and body mass index (BMI), and maternal education and subsequently performed in the combined sample. No associations were found between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood blood pressure. In the total sample, maternal prepregnancy BMI was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β [95% CI], 0.09 [0.02-0.16] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], 0.11 [0.04-0.17] mm Hg). Children of women with hypertension had higher SBP (β [95% CI], 0.98 [0.17-1.79] mm Hg). Birth weight standardized for gestational age was inversely associated with SBP (β [95% CI], -6.93 [-9.25 to -4.61] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], -3.65 [-5.70 to -1.61] mm Hg). Longer gestational age was associated with lower SBP (β [95% CI] per week, -0.25 [-0.42 to -0.08] mm Hg). Breastfeeding for 1 to 3 months was associated with lower SBP (β [95% CI], -0.96 [-1.82 to -0.09] mm Hg) compared with no or <1 month of breastfeeding. Early BMI gain from the age of 2 to 6 years was positively associated with SBP (β [95% CI], 0.41 [0.08-0.74] mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (β [95% CI], 0.37 [0.07-0.66] mm Hg), but no effect modification by birth weight was found. Conclusions Higher maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal hypertension, a relatively lower birth weight for gestational age, shorter gestational age, limited duration of breastfeeding, and more rapid early BMI gain contribute to higher childhood blood pressure at the age of 6 years.
KW - Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
KW - birth weight
KW - childhood blood pressure
KW - fetal development
KW - gestational age
KW - postnatal development
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85096347424&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018089
DO - https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018089
M3 - Article
C2 - 33167754
SN - 2047-9980
VL - 9
SP - e018089
JO - Journal of the American Heart Association
JF - Journal of the American Heart Association
IS - 22
ER -