TY - JOUR
T1 - Exaggerated startle reactions
AU - Dreissen, Yasmine E. M.
AU - Bakker, Mirte J.
AU - Koelman, Johannes H. T. M.
AU - Tijssen, Marina A. J.
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - The origin of the startle reflex lies in the caudal brainstem; it can be elicited by an unexpected stimulus resulting in a bilateral activation of many muscles. Two subsequent responses can be measured during EMG recordings; after the initial motor reflex, lasting until about 150 ms, a second response can occur. The second response contains more emotional and voluntary behavioral responses. Clinically, syndromes with hyperstartling as common feature can be divided into three groups: hyperekplexia, stimulus-induced disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Classification of startle syndromes within these three groups remains challenging. Generalized stiffness at birth, excessive startling and temporary generalized stiffness after being startled point towards hyperekplexia. Stimulus-induced disorders are distinguished by careful clinical and neurophysiological evaluation, including video recordings. Neuropsychiatric disorders usually have additional behavioural and psychiatric symptoms. Polymyographic EMG startle recordings exhibit an exaggeration of the initial motor startle reflex in hyperekplexia, while neuropsychiatric startle syndromes demonstrate a variable response pattern and abnormal behavioural features. Neurophysiological investigation of the startle reflex can help to further delineate between the startle syndromes and unravel the aetiology of neuropsychiatric startle disorders. (C) 2011 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
AB - The origin of the startle reflex lies in the caudal brainstem; it can be elicited by an unexpected stimulus resulting in a bilateral activation of many muscles. Two subsequent responses can be measured during EMG recordings; after the initial motor reflex, lasting until about 150 ms, a second response can occur. The second response contains more emotional and voluntary behavioral responses. Clinically, syndromes with hyperstartling as common feature can be divided into three groups: hyperekplexia, stimulus-induced disorders, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Classification of startle syndromes within these three groups remains challenging. Generalized stiffness at birth, excessive startling and temporary generalized stiffness after being startled point towards hyperekplexia. Stimulus-induced disorders are distinguished by careful clinical and neurophysiological evaluation, including video recordings. Neuropsychiatric disorders usually have additional behavioural and psychiatric symptoms. Polymyographic EMG startle recordings exhibit an exaggeration of the initial motor startle reflex in hyperekplexia, while neuropsychiatric startle syndromes demonstrate a variable response pattern and abnormal behavioural features. Neurophysiological investigation of the startle reflex can help to further delineate between the startle syndromes and unravel the aetiology of neuropsychiatric startle disorders. (C) 2011 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.022
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.09.022
M3 - Article
C2 - 22033030
SN - 1388-2457
VL - 123
SP - 34
EP - 44
JO - Clinical neurophysiology
JF - Clinical neurophysiology
IS - 1
ER -