TY - JOUR
T1 - Experiences and Perspectives of Transgender Youths in Accessing Health Care: A Systematic Review
AU - Chong, Lauren S. H.
AU - Kerklaan, Jasmijn
AU - Clarke, Simon
AU - Kohn, Michael
AU - Baumgart, Amanda
AU - Guha, Chandana
AU - Tunnicliffe, David J.
AU - Hanson, Camilla S.
AU - Craig, Jonathan C.
AU - Tong, Allison
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/11
Y1 - 2021/11
N2 - Importance: Transgender and nonbinary youths have a higher incidence of a range of health conditions and may paradoxically face limited access to health care. Objective: To describe the perspectives and needs of transgender youths in accessing health care. Evidence Review: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched from inception to January 2021. Qualitative studies of transgender youths' perspectives on accessing health care were selected. Results from primary studies were extracted. Data were analyzed using thematic synthesis. Findings: Ninety-one studies involving 884 participants aged 9 to 24 years across 17 countries were included. We identified 6 themes: experiencing pervasive stigma and discrimination in health care, feeling vulnerable and uncertain in decision-making, traversing risks to overcome systemic barriers to transitioning, internalizing intense fear of consequences, experiencing prejudice undermining help-seeking efforts, and experiencing strengthened gender identity and finding allies. Each theme encapsulated multiple subthemes. Conclusions and Relevance: This review found that transgender youths contend with feelings of gender incongruence, fear, and vulnerability in accessing health care, which are compounded by legal, economic, and social barriers. This can lead to disengagement from care and resorting to high-risk and unsafe interventions. Improving access to gender-affirming care services with a cultural humility lens and addressing sociolegal stressors may improve outcomes in transgender and nonbinary youths..
AB - Importance: Transgender and nonbinary youths have a higher incidence of a range of health conditions and may paradoxically face limited access to health care. Objective: To describe the perspectives and needs of transgender youths in accessing health care. Evidence Review: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched from inception to January 2021. Qualitative studies of transgender youths' perspectives on accessing health care were selected. Results from primary studies were extracted. Data were analyzed using thematic synthesis. Findings: Ninety-one studies involving 884 participants aged 9 to 24 years across 17 countries were included. We identified 6 themes: experiencing pervasive stigma and discrimination in health care, feeling vulnerable and uncertain in decision-making, traversing risks to overcome systemic barriers to transitioning, internalizing intense fear of consequences, experiencing prejudice undermining help-seeking efforts, and experiencing strengthened gender identity and finding allies. Each theme encapsulated multiple subthemes. Conclusions and Relevance: This review found that transgender youths contend with feelings of gender incongruence, fear, and vulnerability in accessing health care, which are compounded by legal, economic, and social barriers. This can lead to disengagement from care and resorting to high-risk and unsafe interventions. Improving access to gender-affirming care services with a cultural humility lens and addressing sociolegal stressors may improve outcomes in transgender and nonbinary youths..
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85110483335&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2061
DO - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2061
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34279538
SN - 2168-6203
VL - 175
SP - 1159
EP - 1173
JO - JAMA pediatrics
JF - JAMA pediatrics
IS - 11
ER -