TY - JOUR
T1 - Exposure to hypoxia impairs helicopter pilots’ awareness of environment
AU - Steinman, Yuval
AU - Groen, Eric
AU - Frings-Dresen, Monique H. W.
N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to thank the Helicopter Defense Command of the RNLAF including the Longbow Crew Trainer instructors and the Weapon Instructor of the 301 Apache squadron for the excellent support they provided for the present study. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - The purpose of the present study was to determine how hypoxia effects awareness of environment (AoE) in helicopter pilots operating at high altitude. Eight helicopter crews flew two operational flights in a flight simulator while breathing gas mixtures of 20.9% (equivalent to 0 m altitude) and 11.4% (equivalent to 4572 m or 15,000 ft altitude) oxygen in a single blinded, counterbalanced, repeated measures study. Each flight included five missions, during which environment items were introduced that the crews needed to be aware of, and respond to. In the 4572 m simulation, the crews missed overall 28 AoE items compared to 12 in the 0 m simulation (Z = −1.992; p =.046). In contrast, the crews’ technical skills were not significantly effected by hypoxia. Remarkably, the majority of pilots did not notice they were hypoxic or recognise their hypoxia symptoms during the simulation flight at 4572 m. Practitioner summary We show that hypoxia has a detrimental effect on helicopter pilot’s AoE and alertness. This can lead to an increased risk for flight safety. To mitigate this risk we recommend performing hypoxia training in a flight simulator, developing wearable systems for physiological monitoring of pilots and re-evaluating current altitude regulations. Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of variance; AoE: awareness of environment; CSV: comma-separated values; HDU: helmet display unit; HR: heart rate; IQR: interquartile range; Mdn: median; NTS: non-technical skills; RNLAF: Royal Netherlands Air Force; PPM: parts per million; SpO2: oxygen saturation; SSS: Stanford sleepiness scale; TS: technical Skills.
AB - The purpose of the present study was to determine how hypoxia effects awareness of environment (AoE) in helicopter pilots operating at high altitude. Eight helicopter crews flew two operational flights in a flight simulator while breathing gas mixtures of 20.9% (equivalent to 0 m altitude) and 11.4% (equivalent to 4572 m or 15,000 ft altitude) oxygen in a single blinded, counterbalanced, repeated measures study. Each flight included five missions, during which environment items were introduced that the crews needed to be aware of, and respond to. In the 4572 m simulation, the crews missed overall 28 AoE items compared to 12 in the 0 m simulation (Z = −1.992; p =.046). In contrast, the crews’ technical skills were not significantly effected by hypoxia. Remarkably, the majority of pilots did not notice they were hypoxic or recognise their hypoxia symptoms during the simulation flight at 4572 m. Practitioner summary We show that hypoxia has a detrimental effect on helicopter pilot’s AoE and alertness. This can lead to an increased risk for flight safety. To mitigate this risk we recommend performing hypoxia training in a flight simulator, developing wearable systems for physiological monitoring of pilots and re-evaluating current altitude regulations. Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of variance; AoE: awareness of environment; CSV: comma-separated values; HDU: helmet display unit; HR: heart rate; IQR: interquartile range; Mdn: median; NTS: non-technical skills; RNLAF: Royal Netherlands Air Force; PPM: parts per million; SpO2: oxygen saturation; SSS: Stanford sleepiness scale; TS: technical Skills.
KW - Pilots
KW - alertness
KW - flight simulator
KW - hypoxia
KW - non-technical skills
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85107607066&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2021.1931474
DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2021.1931474
M3 - Article
C2 - 34013831
SN - 0014-0139
VL - 64
SP - 1481
EP - 1490
JO - Ergonomics
JF - Ergonomics
IS - 11
ER -