Extracellular Vesicles in Atrial Fibrillation—State of the Art

Extracellular vesicles are particles released from cells and delimited by a lipid bilayer. They have been widely studied, including extensive investigation in cardiovascular diseases. Many scientists have explored their role in atrial fibrillation. Patients suffering from atrial fibrillation have been evidenced to present altered levels of these particles as well as changed amounts of their con-tents such as micro‐ribonucleic acids (miRs). Although many observations have been made so far, a large randomized clinical trial is needed to assess the previous findings. This review aims to thor-oughly summarize current research regarding extracellular vesicles in atrial fibrillation.