TY - JOUR
T1 - Harmonizing and improving European education in prescribing
T2 - An overview of digital educational resources used in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
AU - Bakkum, Michiel J.
AU - Tichelaar, Jelle
AU - Papaioannidou, Paraskevi
AU - Likic, Robert
AU - Education Working Group of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT) and its affiliated Network of Teachers in Pharmacotherapy (NOTIP)
AU - Sanz Alvarez, Emilio J.
AU - Christiaens, Thierry
AU - Costa, João N.
AU - Mačiulaitis, Romaldas
AU - Dima, Lorena
AU - Coleman, Jamie
AU - Richir, Milan C.
AU - van Agtmael, Michiel A.
AU - Atanasova, Ivanka
AU - Ganeva, Maria
AU - Gatchev, Emil
AU - Kostadinova, I. I.
AU - Mimica Matanovic, S.
AU - Vitezic, D.
AU - Greta, Wozniak
AU - Kmonickova, E.
AU - Karel, Urbanek
AU - Damkier, P.
AU - Huupponen, R. K.
AU - Auffret, Marine
AU - Bejan-Angoulvant, T.
AU - Laurent, Chouchana
AU - Jean-Luc, Cracowski
AU - Drici, M. D.
AU - Faillie, J. L.
AU - Hélène, Geniaux
AU - Molimard, M.
AU - Orlikowski, D.
AU - Palin, Karine
AU - Pers, Y. M.
AU - Picard, Nicolas
AU - Simon, N.
AU - Toussirot, E.
AU - Boger, R. H.
AU - Cascorbi, I.
AU - Mueller, S. C.
AU - Regenthal, R.
AU - Schwab, M.
AU - Schwaninger, M. S.
AU - Thuermann, P. A.
AU - Wojnowski, L.
AU - Kouvelas, D.
AU - Riba, P.
AU - Kerins, David M.
AU - Williams, David J.
AU - van Rosse, F.
AU - Cosentino, M.
AU - De Ponti, Fabrizio
AU - Filippelli, Amelia
AU - Leone, R.
AU - Locatelli, Vittorio
AU - Jansone, Baiba
AU - Gulbinovic, Romaldas
AU - Mifsud, Janet
AU - Braszko Jan, J.
AU - Kocic, I.
AU - Luiza, Breitenfeld
AU - Castelo-Branco, M.
AU - Simona, Conea
AU - Ioan, Magyar
AU - Bevc, S.
AU - Mojca, Krzan
AU - Bernal, M. L.
AU - Capellà, D.
AU - Carcas, A.
AU - De Abajo, F. J.
AU - Lopez-Rico, M.
AU - Lucena, M. I.
AU - Pontes, C.
AU - Böttiger, Y.
AU - Le Grevès, Madeleine
AU - de Waard-Siebinga, I.
AU - Janssen Ben, J. A.
AU - Wilma, Knol
AU - Rahul, Pandit
AU - Dent, G.
AU - Albert, Ferro
AU - Hitchings, A. W.
AU - Kapil, V.
AU - Linton, K. D.
AU - Loke, Y. K.
AU - Michael, Okorie
AU - David, Plumb Richard
AU - Pontefract, Sarah
AU - Ranmuthu, S.
AU - Sampson, A. P.
AU - Thanacoody, H. K.R.
AU - Whitfield Jonathan, P.
AU - Wilson, Kurt
PY - 2021/3/1
Y1 - 2021/3/1
N2 - Aim: Improvement and harmonization of European clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education is urgently required. Because digital educational resources can be easily shared, adapted to local situations and re-used widely across a variety of educational systems, they may be ideally suited for this purpose. Methods: With a cross-sectional survey among principal CPT teachers in 279 out of 304 European medical schools, an overview and classification of digital resources was compiled. Results: Teachers from 95 (34%) medical schools in 26 of 28 EU countries responded, 66 (70%) of whom used digital educational resources in their CPT curriculum. A total of 89 of such resources were described in detail, including e-learning (24%), simulators to teach pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics (10%), virtual patients (8%), and serious games (5%). Together, these resources covered 235 knowledge-based learning objectives, 88 skills, and 13 attitudes. Only one third (27) of the resources were in-part or totally free and only two were licensed open educational resources (free to use, distribute and adapt). A narrative overview of the largest, free and most novel resources is given. Conclusion: Digital educational resources, ranging from e-learning to virtual patients and games, are widely used for CPT education in EU medical schools. Learning objectives are based largely on knowledge rather than skills or attitudes. This may be improved by including more real-life clinical case scenarios. Moreover, the majority of resources are neither free nor open. Therefore, with a view to harmonizing international CPT education, more needs to be learned about why CPT teachers are not currently sharing their educational materials.
AB - Aim: Improvement and harmonization of European clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) education is urgently required. Because digital educational resources can be easily shared, adapted to local situations and re-used widely across a variety of educational systems, they may be ideally suited for this purpose. Methods: With a cross-sectional survey among principal CPT teachers in 279 out of 304 European medical schools, an overview and classification of digital resources was compiled. Results: Teachers from 95 (34%) medical schools in 26 of 28 EU countries responded, 66 (70%) of whom used digital educational resources in their CPT curriculum. A total of 89 of such resources were described in detail, including e-learning (24%), simulators to teach pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics (10%), virtual patients (8%), and serious games (5%). Together, these resources covered 235 knowledge-based learning objectives, 88 skills, and 13 attitudes. Only one third (27) of the resources were in-part or totally free and only two were licensed open educational resources (free to use, distribute and adapt). A narrative overview of the largest, free and most novel resources is given. Conclusion: Digital educational resources, ranging from e-learning to virtual patients and games, are widely used for CPT education in EU medical schools. Learning objectives are based largely on knowledge rather than skills or attitudes. This may be improved by including more real-life clinical case scenarios. Moreover, the majority of resources are neither free nor open. Therefore, with a view to harmonizing international CPT education, more needs to be learned about why CPT teachers are not currently sharing their educational materials.
KW - Prescribing
KW - clinical pharmacology and therapeutics
KW - digital
KW - education
KW - open educational resources
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85088839757&origin=inward
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32638391
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85088839757&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14453
DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14453
M3 - Article
C2 - 32638391
SN - 0306-5251
VL - 87
SP - 1001
EP - 1011
JO - British journal of clinical pharmacology
JF - British journal of clinical pharmacology
IS - 3
ER -