Inhibition of bacteriophage Mu transposition by Mu repressor and Fis

In this paper we show that the Escherichia coli protein Fis has a regulatory function in Mu transposition in the presence of Mu repressor. Fis can lower the transposition frequency of a mini‐Mu 3–80‐fold, but only if the Mu repressor is expressed simultaneously. In this novel type of regulation of transposition by the concerted action of Fis and repressor, the IAS, the internal activating sequence, is also involved as deletion of this site leads to the loss of the Fis effect. As the IAS contains strong repressor binding sites these are probably the target for the repressor in the observed negative regulation by Fis and repressor. However, the role of Fis and repressor is not only to inactivate the IAS, since a 4bp insertion in the IAS, which changes the spacing of the repressor‐binding site, abolishes the enhancing function of the IAS but leaves the repressor‐Fis effect intact. A likely target for Fis in this regulation is a strong Fis‐binding site, which is located adjacent to the L2 transposase‐binding site. However, when this Fis‐binding sequence was substituted by a random sequence and Fis no longer showed specific binding to this site, the Fis effect was still observed. Although it is still possible that Fis can function by binding to this non‐specific site in a particular complex, it seems more likely that Fis is directly or indirectly involved in determining the level of the repressor.