Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist mediates the beneficial effects of systemic interferon beta in mice: implications for rheumatoid arthritis

Objectives Interferon beta (IFN beta) therapy is effective in multiple sclerosis and murine models of arthritis. Surprisingly, systemic IFN beta treatment induces only minimal improvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To explain this paradox, the authors evaluated the mechanism of IFN beta benefit in passive K/BxN arthritis and the effect of IFN beta treatment on RA synovium. Methods Interleukin 10 (IL-10) null, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) null, IL-1Ra transgenic and wildtype mice were administered K/BxN serum and in some cases treated with IFN beta or normal saline. Clinical response and histological scores were assessed. Gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR. Serum IL-1Ra and IL-6 were measured by ELISA. Paired synovial biopsy specimens from RA patients pre-IFN beta and post-IFN beta treatment (purified natural fibroblast IFN beta (Frone) subcutaneously three times weekly 6 million IU, 12 million IU or 18 million IU) were immunostained for IL-1Ra and IL-10. Results Il1rn transgenic mice had an attenuated course of arthritis, whereas Il1rn(-/-) and Il10(-/-) mice had more severe serum transfer arthritis than wild-type mice. Daily IFN beta treatment significantly decreased arthritis severity in Il10(-/-) but not Il1rn(-/-) mice. IFN beta treatment did not reduce the histological scores in Il1rn(-/-) mice or gene expression of articular cytokines and chemokines. Paired synovial biopsy specimens from RA patients treated with IFN beta demonstrated a trend towards increased IL-1Ra and reduced IL-10 expression on day 85 levels compared with pretreatment specimens. Conclusions The anti-inflammatory effects of IFN beta in passive K/BxN arthritis are dependent on IL-1Ra, but not IL-10. Systemic IFN beta treatment in RA increases synovial IL-1Ra production, but also decreases IL-10 production