TY - JOUR
T1 - Melioidosis: A Neglected Cause of Community-Acquired Pneumonia
AU - Virk, Harjeet Singh
AU - Mukhopadhyay, Chiranjay
AU - Wiersinga, W. Joost
N1 - Funding Information: W.J.W. received a Vidi grant (91716475) from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). H.S.V. received a Marie Curie Sklodowska fellowship under the European Sepsis Academy, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Georg Thieme Verlag. All rights reserved. Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/8/1
Y1 - 2020/8/1
N2 - Melioidosis, caused by the facultative intracellular gram-negative pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an emerging cause of community-acquired pneumonia across the tropics. The majority of patients present with pneumonia with or without sepsis, but localized and asymptomatic infection is also well recognized. Recent modeling and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the widespread presence of B. pseudomallei in otherwise unrecognized regions with a predicted mortality of 90,000 deaths worldwide. Innovative environmental studies are also uncovering how hydrodynamic, pedology, fauna, and weather events influence geographic distribution and incidence of melioidosis cases. Of concern is the changes associated with global warming, which will be conducive to B. pseudomallei in combination with the global diabetes pandemic. In fact, over 80% of patient developing melioidosis have underlying comorbidities. For this great mimicker, culture remains the mainstay of diagnosis and despite availability of other assays, challenges still remain in reducing time to diagnosis and avoiding misdiagnosis. With institution of timely antimicrobials such as ceftazidime and supportive intensive care, overall mortality can be reduced to 10%, although this can still be as high as 50% in poorly resourced areas. Promise is on the horizon with the first human vaccine trials being planned for 2021. Meanwhile new multiomics techniques are giving us a better understanding of the role of virulence and host-pathogen interactions on patient outcomes.
AB - Melioidosis, caused by the facultative intracellular gram-negative pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an emerging cause of community-acquired pneumonia across the tropics. The majority of patients present with pneumonia with or without sepsis, but localized and asymptomatic infection is also well recognized. Recent modeling and epidemiological studies have demonstrated the widespread presence of B. pseudomallei in otherwise unrecognized regions with a predicted mortality of 90,000 deaths worldwide. Innovative environmental studies are also uncovering how hydrodynamic, pedology, fauna, and weather events influence geographic distribution and incidence of melioidosis cases. Of concern is the changes associated with global warming, which will be conducive to B. pseudomallei in combination with the global diabetes pandemic. In fact, over 80% of patient developing melioidosis have underlying comorbidities. For this great mimicker, culture remains the mainstay of diagnosis and despite availability of other assays, challenges still remain in reducing time to diagnosis and avoiding misdiagnosis. With institution of timely antimicrobials such as ceftazidime and supportive intensive care, overall mortality can be reduced to 10%, although this can still be as high as 50% in poorly resourced areas. Promise is on the horizon with the first human vaccine trials being planned for 2021. Meanwhile new multiomics techniques are giving us a better understanding of the role of virulence and host-pathogen interactions on patient outcomes.
KW - Burkholderia pseudomallei
KW - antibiotics
KW - biothreat
KW - chest X-ray
KW - community-acquired pneumonia
KW - cystic fibrosis
KW - melioidosis
KW - neglected tropical disease
KW - pathogenesis
KW - sepsis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85087687126&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710570
DO - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1710570
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32629488
SN - 1069-3424
VL - 41
SP - 496
EP - 508
JO - Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
JF - Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine
IS - 4
ER -