TY - JOUR
T1 - MicroRNAs in Myocarditis—Review of the Preclinical In Vivo Trials
AU - Procyk, Grzegorz
AU - Grodzka, Olga
AU - Procyk, Marcelina
AU - Gąsecka, Aleksandra
AU - Głuszek, Katarzyna
AU - Wrzosek, Małgorzata
N1 - Funding Information: Article Processing Charge was covered by the Medical University of Warsaw Publication Fund. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/10/1
Y1 - 2023/10/1
N2 - Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease with viruses as the most common cause. Regardless of multiple studies that have recently been conducted, the diagnostic options still need to be improved. Although endomyocardial biopsy is known as a diagnostic gold standard, it is invasive and, thus, only sometimes performed. Novel techniques of cardiac magnetic resonance are not readily available. Therapy in viral infections is based mainly on symptomatic treatment, while steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins are used in autoimmune myocarditis. The effectiveness of neither of these methods has been explicitly proven to date. Therefore, novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are highly needed. MiRNAs are small, non-coding molecules that regulate fundamental cell functions, including differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. They present altered levels in different diseases, including myocarditis. Numerous studies investigating the role of miRNAs in myocarditis have already been conducted. In this review, we discussed only the original preclinical in vivo research. We eventually included 30 studies relevant to the discussed area. The altered miRNA levels have been observed, including upregulation and downregulation of different miRNAs in the mice models of myocarditis. Furthermore, the administration of mimics or inhibitors of particular miRNAs was shown to significantly influence inflammation, morphology, and function of the heart and overall survival. Finally, some studies presented prospective advantages in vaccine development.
AB - Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease with viruses as the most common cause. Regardless of multiple studies that have recently been conducted, the diagnostic options still need to be improved. Although endomyocardial biopsy is known as a diagnostic gold standard, it is invasive and, thus, only sometimes performed. Novel techniques of cardiac magnetic resonance are not readily available. Therapy in viral infections is based mainly on symptomatic treatment, while steroids and intravenous immunoglobulins are used in autoimmune myocarditis. The effectiveness of neither of these methods has been explicitly proven to date. Therefore, novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are highly needed. MiRNAs are small, non-coding molecules that regulate fundamental cell functions, including differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis. They present altered levels in different diseases, including myocarditis. Numerous studies investigating the role of miRNAs in myocarditis have already been conducted. In this review, we discussed only the original preclinical in vivo research. We eventually included 30 studies relevant to the discussed area. The altered miRNA levels have been observed, including upregulation and downregulation of different miRNAs in the mice models of myocarditis. Furthermore, the administration of mimics or inhibitors of particular miRNAs was shown to significantly influence inflammation, morphology, and function of the heart and overall survival. Finally, some studies presented prospective advantages in vaccine development.
KW - in vivo trials
KW - inflammation
KW - microRNA
KW - myocarditis
KW - preclinical trials
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85175435888&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102723
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102723
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37893097
SN - 2227-9059
VL - 11
JO - Biomedicines
JF - Biomedicines
IS - 10
M1 - 2723
ER -