TY - JOUR
T1 - Physiological and self-reported arousal in virtual reality versus face-to-face emotional activation and cognitive restructuring in university students
T2 - A crossover experimental study using wearable monitoring
AU - Bolinski, Felix
AU - Etzelmüller, Anne
AU - De Witte, Nele A.J.
AU - van Beurden, Cecile
AU - Debard, Glen
AU - Bonroy, Bert
AU - Cuijpers, Pim
AU - Riper, Heleen
AU - Kleiboer, Annet
N1 - Funding Information: This study was funded by Opportunities for West II (Dutch: Kansen voor West II) through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) . Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/7
Y1 - 2021/7
N2 - Background: Arousal may be important for learning to restructure ones’ negative cognitions, a core technique in depression treatment. In virtual reality (VR), situations may be experienced more vividly than, e.g., in an imaginative approach, potentially aiding the emotional activation of negative cognitions. However, it is unclear whether such activation and subsequent cognitive restructuring in VR elicits more physiological, e.g. changes in skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), and self-reported arousal. Method: In a cross-over experiment, 41 healthy students experienced two sets, one in VR, one face-to-face (F2F), of three situations aimed at activating negative cognitions. Order of the sets and mode of delivery were randomised. A wristband wearable monitored SC and HR; self-reported arousal was registered verbally. Results: Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed significantly more SC peaks per minute, F (1, 40) = 13.89, p =.001, higher mean SC, F (1,40) = 7.47, p =.001, and higher mean HR, F (1, 40) = 75.84, p <.001 in VR compared to F2F. No differences emerged on the paired-samples t-test for self-reported arousal, t (40) = −1.35, p =.18. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study indicating that emotional activation and subsequent cognitive restructuring in VR can lead to significantly more physiological arousal compared to an imaginative approach. These findings need to be replicated before they can be extended to patient populations.
AB - Background: Arousal may be important for learning to restructure ones’ negative cognitions, a core technique in depression treatment. In virtual reality (VR), situations may be experienced more vividly than, e.g., in an imaginative approach, potentially aiding the emotional activation of negative cognitions. However, it is unclear whether such activation and subsequent cognitive restructuring in VR elicits more physiological, e.g. changes in skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), and self-reported arousal. Method: In a cross-over experiment, 41 healthy students experienced two sets, one in VR, one face-to-face (F2F), of three situations aimed at activating negative cognitions. Order of the sets and mode of delivery were randomised. A wristband wearable monitored SC and HR; self-reported arousal was registered verbally. Results: Repeated measures analyses of variance revealed significantly more SC peaks per minute, F (1, 40) = 13.89, p =.001, higher mean SC, F (1,40) = 7.47, p =.001, and higher mean HR, F (1, 40) = 75.84, p <.001 in VR compared to F2F. No differences emerged on the paired-samples t-test for self-reported arousal, t (40) = −1.35, p =.18. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study indicating that emotional activation and subsequent cognitive restructuring in VR can lead to significantly more physiological arousal compared to an imaginative approach. These findings need to be replicated before they can be extended to patient populations.
KW - Cognitive behavioural therapy
KW - Cognitive restructuring
KW - Emotional activation
KW - University students
KW - Virtual reality
KW - Wearable monitoring
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85106347778&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85106347778&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103877
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103877
M3 - Article
C2 - 34029860
SN - 0005-7967
VL - 142
SP - 1
EP - 13
JO - Behaviour research and therapy
JF - Behaviour research and therapy
M1 - 103877
ER -