@article{c3cbece6748d4a73a2a28c16db776a5e,
title = "Smoking and caffeine consumption: a genetic analysis of their association",
abstract = "Smoking and caffeine consumption show a strong positive correlation, but the mechanism underlying this association is unclear. Explanations include shared genetic/environmental factors or causal effects. This study employed three methods to investigate the association between smoking and caffeine. First, bivariate genetic models were applied to data of 10 368 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register in order to estimate genetic and environmental correlations between smoking and caffeine use. Second, from the summary statistics of meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies on smoking and caffeine, the genetic correlation was calculated by LD-score regression. Third, causal effects were tested using Mendelian randomization analysis in 6605 Netherlands Twin Register participants and 5714 women from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Through twin modelling, a genetic correlation of r0.47 and an environmental correlation of r0.30 were estimated between current smoking (yes/no) and coffee use (high/low). Between current smoking and total caffeine use, this was r0.44 and r0.00, respectively. LD-score regression also indicated sizeable genetic correlations between smoking and coffee use (r0.44 between smoking heaviness and cups of coffee per day, r0.28 between smoking initiation and coffee use and r0.25 between smoking persistence and coffee use). Consistent with the relatively high genetic correlations and lower environmental correlations, Mendelian randomization provided no evidence for causal effects of smoking on caffeine or vice versa. Genetic factors thus explain most of the association between smoking and caffeine consumption. These findings suggest that quitting smoking may be more difficult for heavy caffeine consumers, given their genetic susceptibility.",
keywords = "ALSPAC, LD-score regression, Mendelian randomization, caffeine, smoking, twin modelling",
author = "Treur, {Jorien L.} and Taylor, {Amy E.} and Ware, {Jennifer J.} and Nivard, {Michel G.} and Neale, {Michael C.} and George McMahon and Hottenga, {Jouke Jan} and Baselmans, {Bart M.L.} and Boomsma, {Dorret I.} and Munaf{\`o}, {Marcus R.} and Vink, {Jacqueline M.}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank the members of the twin families registered with the NTR for participating in this study. The work described here was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) [grant number 284167: ?Beyond the Genetics of Addiction? (principal investigator J. M. V.) and grant number 230374: ?Genetics of Mental Illness? (principal investigator D. I. B.)] and grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO): ZonMW Addiction (31160008 and NWO 016-115-035), Genetic and Family Influences on Adolescent Psychopathology and Wellness (NWO 463-06-001), A twin-sib study of adolescent wellness (NWO-VENI 451-04-034), VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+) and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA). Part of the genotyping was funded by Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI?NL, 184.021.007), NWO/SPI 56-464-14192, the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository (NIMH U24 MH068457-06), the Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01 HD042157-01A1, MH081802, Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951 and 1RC2 MH089995). A. E. T., M. R. M. and J. J. W. are members of the UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, a UK Clinical Research Council Public Health Research: Centre of Excellence. Funding from British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. Support from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12013/6) is also gratefully acknowledged. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2016 The Authors.Addiction Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction",
year = "2017",
month = jul,
day = "1",
doi = "https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12391",
language = "English",
volume = "22",
pages = "1090--1102",
journal = "Addiction Biology",
issn = "1355-6215",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",
number = "4",
}