Spatial Differences in the Presence of FOXP3(+) and GranzymeB(+) T Cells between the Intra- and Extravascular Compartments in Renal Allograft Vasculopathy

Background: Allograft vasculopathy (AV) and native atherosclerosis (NA) share the presence of a T-cell mediated inflammatory response, but differ in overall plaque morphology and growth rate. We studied the distribution and frequency of regulatory-and cytotoxic T cells in the arterial intima lesions in both conditions. Methodology/Principal Findings: The study is based on vessels of 15 explanted human renal allografts with AV and 10 carotid artery plaques obtained at surgery. Distribution and frequency of cytotoxic-and regulatory T cells, as identified by the expression of Granzyme B (GrB) and FOXP3 was established in NA and AV. Furthermore, we compared the distribution of these cells in AV with the perivascular, interstitial renal tissue using immunohistochemistry. The total number of T cells was much higher in AV than in NA lesions (711 +/- 135 and 37 +/- 8 CD3/mm(2) respectively, p<0.005, mean, +/- SEM). Total numbers of FOXP3(+) regulatory cells were also significantly increased in AV (36 +/- 10 and 0.9 +/- 0.3 FOXP3(+)/mm(2) p<0.05), but relative numbers, expressed as a percentage of the total number of CD3(+) T cells ((FOXP3(+)/CD3(+)) 6100), were not significantly different (4.6%+/- 0.9 and 2.7%+/- 0.6). GrB(+) cells were rare in NA, but significantly increased numbers of GrB(+) cells were found in AV lesions (85 +/- 24 and 0.2 +/- 0.1 GrB(+)/mm(2), p<0.05). Perivascular tissues in the allografts showed a higher relative frequency of FOXP3(+) cells than adjacent intimal lesions (14.0%+/- 2.7 and 4.6%+/- 0.9, respectively, p<0.05), but a lower frequency of GrB(+) cytotoxic T cells (16.1%+/- 2.7 and 22.6%+/- 3.6, p<0.05). Conclusions: Similar to NA, AV is characterized by a low frequency of intimal FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Moreover, significant spatial differences exist in the distribution of functional T cell subsets between the intra-and extravascular micro-environments of the graft