TY - JOUR
T1 - The association between clinical, sociodemographic, familial, and environmental factors and treatment resistance in schizophrenia
T2 - A machine-learning-based approach
AU - van Hooijdonk, Carmen F. M.
AU - van der Pluijm, Marieke
AU - de Vries, Bart M.
AU - Cysouw, Matthijs
AU - Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.
AU - Simons, Claudia J. P.
AU - van Amelsvoort, Therese A. M. J.
AU - Booij, Jan
AU - Selten, Jean-Paul
AU - de Haan, Lieuwe
AU - Schirmbeck, Frederike
AU - van de Giessen, Elsmarieke
N1 - Funding Information: The work of EvdG and MvdP was funded by a Veni grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant number 91618075 ). Funding Information: The GROUP study is funded by the Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Health Research Council (Zon-Mw, grant number 10-000-1001) and participating pharmaceutical companies (Lundbeck, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag) and universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ Ingeest, Arkin, Dijk en Duin, GGZ Rivierduinen, Erasmus Medical Centre, GGZ Noord Holland Noord. Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis, GGZ Friesland, GGZ Drenthe, Dimence, Mediant, GGNet Warnsveld, Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia psycho-medical center The Hague. Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGzE, GGZ Breburg, GGZ Oost-Brabant, Vincent van Gogh voor Geestelijke Gezondheid, Mondriaan, Virenze riagg, Zuyderland GGZ, MET ggz, Universitair Centrum Sint-Jozef Kortenberg, CAPRI University of Antwerp, PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden, PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden, GGZ Overpelt, OPZ Rekem. Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions Altrecht, GGZ Centraal and Delta).The work of EvdG and MvdP was funded by a Veni grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw, grant number 91618075). Funding Information: The GROUP study is funded by the Geestkracht programme of the Dutch Health Research Council (Zon-Mw, grant number 10-000-1001 ) and participating pharmaceutical companies ( Lundbeck , AstraZeneca , Eli Lilly , Janssen Cilag ) and universities and mental health care organizations (Amsterdam: Academic Psychiatric Centre of the Academic Medical Center and the mental health institutions: GGZ Ingeest , Arkin , Dijk en Duin , GGZ Rivierduinen , Erasmus Medical Centre , GGZ Noord Holland Noord . Groningen: University Medical Center Groningen and the mental health institutions: Lentis , GGZ Friesland , GGZ Drenthe , Dimence , Mediant , GGNet Warnsveld , Yulius Dordrecht and Parnassia psycho-medical center The Hague . Maastricht: Maastricht University Medical Centre and the mental health institutions: GGzE , GGZ Breburg , GGZ Oost-Brabant , Vincent van Gogh voor Geestelijke Gezondheid , Mondriaan , Virenze riagg , Zuyderland GGZ , MET ggz , Universitair Centrum Sint-Jozef Kortenberg , CAPRI University of Antwerp , PC Ziekeren Sint-Truiden , PZ Sancta Maria Sint-Truiden , GGZ Overpelt , OPZ Rekem . Utrecht: University Medical Center Utrecht and the mental health institutions Altrecht , GGZ Centraal and Delta ). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Authors
PY - 2023/12/1
Y1 - 2023/12/1
N2 - Background: Prediction of treatment resistance in schizophrenia (TRS) would be helpful to reduce the duration of ineffective treatment and avoid delays in clozapine initiation. We applied machine learning to identify clinical, sociodemographic, familial, and environmental variables that are associated with TRS and could potentially predict TRS in the future. Study design: Baseline and follow-up data on trait(-like) variables from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study were used. For the main analysis, we selected patients with non-affective psychotic disorders who met TRS (n = 200) or antipsychotic-responsive criteria (n = 423) throughout the study. For a sensitivity analysis, we only selected patients who met TRS (n = 76) or antipsychotic-responsive criteria (n = 123) at follow-up but not at baseline. Random forest models were trained to predict TRS in both datasets. SHapley Additive exPlanation values were used to examine the variables' contributions to the prediction. Study results: Premorbid functioning, age at onset, and educational degree were most consistently associated with TRS across both analyses. Marital status, current household, intelligence quotient, number of moves, and family loading score for substance abuse also consistently contributed to the prediction of TRS in the main or sensitivity analysis. The diagnostic performance of our models was modest (area under the curve: 0.66–0.69). Conclusions: We demonstrate that various clinical, sociodemographic, familial, and environmental variables are associated with TRS. Our models only showed modest performance in predicting TRS. Prospective large multi-centre studies are needed to validate our findings and investigate whether the model's performance can be improved by adding data from different modalities.
AB - Background: Prediction of treatment resistance in schizophrenia (TRS) would be helpful to reduce the duration of ineffective treatment and avoid delays in clozapine initiation. We applied machine learning to identify clinical, sociodemographic, familial, and environmental variables that are associated with TRS and could potentially predict TRS in the future. Study design: Baseline and follow-up data on trait(-like) variables from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study were used. For the main analysis, we selected patients with non-affective psychotic disorders who met TRS (n = 200) or antipsychotic-responsive criteria (n = 423) throughout the study. For a sensitivity analysis, we only selected patients who met TRS (n = 76) or antipsychotic-responsive criteria (n = 123) at follow-up but not at baseline. Random forest models were trained to predict TRS in both datasets. SHapley Additive exPlanation values were used to examine the variables' contributions to the prediction. Study results: Premorbid functioning, age at onset, and educational degree were most consistently associated with TRS across both analyses. Marital status, current household, intelligence quotient, number of moves, and family loading score for substance abuse also consistently contributed to the prediction of TRS in the main or sensitivity analysis. The diagnostic performance of our models was modest (area under the curve: 0.66–0.69). Conclusions: We demonstrate that various clinical, sociodemographic, familial, and environmental variables are associated with TRS. Our models only showed modest performance in predicting TRS. Prospective large multi-centre studies are needed to validate our findings and investigate whether the model's performance can be improved by adding data from different modalities.
KW - Clozapine
KW - Precision medicine
KW - Prediction
KW - Psychotic disorders
KW - Treatment response
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85176138236&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.10.030
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2023.10.030
M3 - Article
C2 - 37950936
SN - 0920-9964
VL - 262
SP - 132
EP - 141
JO - Schizophrenia Research
JF - Schizophrenia Research
ER -