Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine longitudinal relationships between nutrition and risk indicators for cardio vascular diseases (CVD) during adolescence and young adulthood.
DESIGN: A longitudinal study over fifteen years.
SUBJECTS: 98 females and 84 males, from 13 to 27 years.
METHODS: By means of six interviews dietary patterns were determined. Blood samples were analyzed for serum concentration of total cholesterol (TC), and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL), blood pressure, body fat and maximal aerobic power (VO2max) were determined. The longitudinal relations were analyzed with generalized estimation equations (GEE), a statistical technique in which relations at different time-points are tested simultaneously.
RESULTS: Compared to Dutch recommendations six out of seven macro nutrients appear to be unfavorable with respect to CVD. Borderline or high CVD risk values are apparent at 27 y in more than 25% of the subjects with respect to percentage body fat and serum total cholesterol in both sexes. In males 40% or more show borderline hypertension. The 'univariate' longitudinal analyses showed significantly positive relations: (1) between the intake of animal protein, saturated fat (SFA), cholesterol (Cho1) and TC, and HDL; (2) between total energy intake (EN) and systolic blood pressure, and VO2max. Significantly negative associations were found: (1) between EN, poly-unsaturated fat (PUFA) and TC concentrations; (2) between EN and sum of four skinfolds (SSF).
CONCLUSIONS: With increasing age, over a period of 15 y in both sexes the SFA and Cho1 intake relate significantly to the development of a negative CVD risk profile. The intake of PUFA relates positive to a CVD risk profile. The significantly negative relation between EN intake and body fat (SSF) is partly explained by the relation between EN and VO2max.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 387-93 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |
Volume | 51 |
Issue number | 6 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Jun 1997 |
Keywords
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Blood Pressure
- Body Composition
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Cholesterol/blood
- Diet
- Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage
- Energy Intake
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, HDL/blood
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Oxygen Consumption
- Risk Factors
- Sex Characteristics