Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between lifestyle (dietary intake of macronutrients, smoking behavior, alcohol consumption and daily physical activity) from 13-29 years of age ("long-term exposure") and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (lipoprotein levels, blood pressure, body fatness, and body composition) at the age of 29 years.
METHODS: The study was part of the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study, which began in 1977, and in which repeated measurements were carried out over a period of 17 years on 181 subjects (98 females and 83 males).
RESULTS: "Long-term exposure" to smoking behavior was inversely related to high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels (p = 0.02) and positively to the total cholesterol/HDL ratio (p = 0.05). Both smoking behavior and alcohol consumption were inversely related to blood pressure (p < 0.01). "Long-term exposure" to daily physical activity was inversely related to body fatness (p < 0.01), but for females positively to the waist/hip ratio (p < 0.01). No relationship was found between the dietary intake of macronutrients and the CVD risk factors. When "long-term exposure" was limited to adolescence (13-16 years of age) only the relationship between daily physical activity and the waist/hip ratio for females remained significant (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: "Long-term" smoking behavior was related to a high risk profile regarding hypercholesterolemia, but to a low risk profile regarding blood pressure. The latter was also found for "long-term" alcohol consumption. "Long-term" daily physical activity was related to a low risk profile regarding body fatness; but for females, surprisingly, to a high risk profile regarding body fat distribution.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 309-319 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | Journal of adolescent health |
Volume | 20 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Apr 1997 |
Keywords
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Alcohol Drinking
- Blood Pressure
- Body Composition
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Female
- Health Status Indicators
- Health Surveys
- Humans
- Life Style
- Linear Models
- Lipids/blood
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Netherlands
- Nutrition Assessment
- Physical Fitness
- Prospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Smoking
- Time Factors