TY - JOUR
T1 - Thrombolytic Agents: Nanocarriers in Controlled Release
AU - Hassanpour, Soodabeh
AU - Kim, Han-Jun
AU - Saadati, Arezoo
AU - Tebon, Peyton
AU - Xue, Chengbin
AU - van den Dolder, Floor W.
AU - Thakor, Jai
AU - Baradaran, Behzad
AU - Mosafer, Jafar
AU - Baghbanzadeh, Amir
AU - de Barros, Natan Roberto
AU - Hashemzaei, Mahmoud
AU - Lee, Kang Ju
AU - Lee, Junmin
AU - Zhang, Shiming
AU - Sun, Wujin
AU - Cho, Hyun-Jong
AU - Ahadian, Samad
AU - Ashammakhi, Nureddin
AU - Dokmeci, Mehmet R.
AU - Mokhtarzadeh, Ahad
AU - Khademhosseini, Ali
PY - 2020/10/1
Y1 - 2020/10/1
N2 - Thrombosis is a life-threatening pathological condition in which blood clots form in blood vessels, obstructing or interfering with blood flow. Thrombolytic agents (TAs) are enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve blood clots. The plasmin formed by TAs breaks down fibrin clots into soluble fibrin that finally dissolves thrombi. Several TAs have been developed to treat various thromboembolic diseases, such as pulmonary embolisms, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and extensive coronary emboli. However, systemic TA administration can trigger non-specific activation that can increase the incidence of bleeding. Moreover, protein-based TAs are rapidly inactivated upon injection resulting in the need for large doses. To overcome these limitations, various types of nanocarriers have been introduced that enhance the pharmacokinetic effects by protecting the TA from the biological environment and targeting the release into coagulation. The nanocarriers show increasing half-life, reducing side effects, and improving overall TA efficacy. In this work, the recent advances in various types of TAs and nanocarriers are thoroughly reviewed. Various types of nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymer-based, and metal-based nanoparticles are described, for the targeted delivery of TAs. This work also provides insights into issues related to the future of TA development and successful clinical translation.
AB - Thrombosis is a life-threatening pathological condition in which blood clots form in blood vessels, obstructing or interfering with blood flow. Thrombolytic agents (TAs) are enzymes that can catalyze the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin to dissolve blood clots. The plasmin formed by TAs breaks down fibrin clots into soluble fibrin that finally dissolves thrombi. Several TAs have been developed to treat various thromboembolic diseases, such as pulmonary embolisms, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, and extensive coronary emboli. However, systemic TA administration can trigger non-specific activation that can increase the incidence of bleeding. Moreover, protein-based TAs are rapidly inactivated upon injection resulting in the need for large doses. To overcome these limitations, various types of nanocarriers have been introduced that enhance the pharmacokinetic effects by protecting the TA from the biological environment and targeting the release into coagulation. The nanocarriers show increasing half-life, reducing side effects, and improving overall TA efficacy. In this work, the recent advances in various types of TAs and nanocarriers are thoroughly reviewed. Various types of nanocarriers, including lipid-based, polymer-based, and metal-based nanoparticles are described, for the targeted delivery of TAs. This work also provides insights into issues related to the future of TA development and successful clinical translation.
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85089311606&origin=inward
UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32790000
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001647
DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202001647
M3 - Review article
C2 - 32790000
SN - 2154-1248
VL - 16
JO - Small GTPases
JF - Small GTPases
IS - 40
M1 - 2001647
ER -