TY - JOUR
T1 - Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Insomnia
T2 - an Update of the Literature
AU - Wynchank, Dora
AU - Bijlenga, Denise
AU - Beekman, Aartjan T.
AU - Kooij, J. J.Sandra
AU - Penninx, Brenda W.
PY - 2017/12/1
Y1 - 2017/12/1
N2 - Purpose of Review: Insomnia is diagnosed when there is dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality. It has a prevalence in the general population ranging from 31 to 56%. Insomnia has previously been associated with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this review, we address three topics: (1) the cross-sectional relationship between ADHD and insomnia in adulthood, (2) the longitudinal relationship between ADHD and insomnia, and (3) insomnia as a side effect of pharmacological treatments for adult ADHD. Recent Findings: Three cross-sectional, clinical, and population studies report a prevalence of insomnia in ADHD adults ranging from 43 to 80%. Longitudinal evidence for a link between childhood-onset ADHD and insomnia at later age is mixed, with one study confirming and another study not supporting such a longitudinal association. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials, insomnia is reported significantly more often in the treatment arm than in the placebo arm. In varying percentages of trial participants, insomnia is a treatment-emergent adverse effect in triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (40–45%), dasotraline (35–45%), lisdexamfetamine (10–19%), and extended-release methylphenidate (11%). Ten to seventeen percent of subjects in placebo-controlled trials of atomoxetine report insomnia, possibly related to poor metabolizer status. The mechanisms explaining the relationship between ADHD and sleep problems are incompletely understood, but both genetic and non-shared environmental influences may be involved. Summary: Adults with ADHD should be assessed for insomnia, which is frequently comorbid, and both conditions should be treated.
AB - Purpose of Review: Insomnia is diagnosed when there is dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality. It has a prevalence in the general population ranging from 31 to 56%. Insomnia has previously been associated with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this review, we address three topics: (1) the cross-sectional relationship between ADHD and insomnia in adulthood, (2) the longitudinal relationship between ADHD and insomnia, and (3) insomnia as a side effect of pharmacological treatments for adult ADHD. Recent Findings: Three cross-sectional, clinical, and population studies report a prevalence of insomnia in ADHD adults ranging from 43 to 80%. Longitudinal evidence for a link between childhood-onset ADHD and insomnia at later age is mixed, with one study confirming and another study not supporting such a longitudinal association. In randomized, placebo-controlled trials, insomnia is reported significantly more often in the treatment arm than in the placebo arm. In varying percentages of trial participants, insomnia is a treatment-emergent adverse effect in triple-bead mixed amphetamine salts (40–45%), dasotraline (35–45%), lisdexamfetamine (10–19%), and extended-release methylphenidate (11%). Ten to seventeen percent of subjects in placebo-controlled trials of atomoxetine report insomnia, possibly related to poor metabolizer status. The mechanisms explaining the relationship between ADHD and sleep problems are incompletely understood, but both genetic and non-shared environmental influences may be involved. Summary: Adults with ADHD should be assessed for insomnia, which is frequently comorbid, and both conditions should be treated.
KW - Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
KW - Insomnia
KW - Psychostimulants
KW - Sleep
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85032695200&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0860-0
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0860-0
M3 - Review article
C2 - 29086065
SN - 1523-3812
VL - 19
JO - Current psychiatry reports
JF - Current psychiatry reports
IS - 12
M1 - 98
ER -