TY - JOUR
T1 - Analysis of diacetylmorphine, caffeine, and degradation products after volatilization of pharmaceutical heroin for inhalation
AU - Klous, Marjolein G.
AU - Lee, WeiChing
AU - Hillebrand, Michel J. X.
AU - van den Brink, Wim
AU - van Ree, Jan M.
AU - Beijnen, Jos H.
PY - 2006
Y1 - 2006
N2 - Pharmaceutical smokable heroin was developed for a clinical trial on medical co-prescription of heroin and methadone. This product, consisting of 75% w/w diacetylmorphine base and 25% w/w caffeine anhydrate, was intended for use via "chasing the dragon", that is, inhalation after volatilization. This procedure involves heating the powder mixture, which may lead to formation of degradation products that could subsequently be inhaled. We developed a method that used a high-performance liquid chromatography system that was compatible with photodiode-array detection and mass spectrometric detection to separate diacetylmorphine- and caffeine-related compounds in a wide polarity range for analysis of the vapor. This method was used to analyze the contents of the plastic drinking straws that were used by patients to inhale the vapors from pharmaceutical heroin used via chasing the dragon, which were considered to be representative of the vapors the patients inhaled. They contained primarily unchanged diacetylmorphine, its main metabolite 6-acetylmorphine, caffeine, and some morphine. Several unidentified peaks were observed in the straw chromatograms. Chemical structures were proposed for nine degradation products: morphine derivatives with different substitution patterns of the C(3), C(6), and/or N(17) positions, which comprised 0.4-9.7% of the straw sample residue weight. Activity and toxicity of most of these compounds are unknown and require further investigation
AB - Pharmaceutical smokable heroin was developed for a clinical trial on medical co-prescription of heroin and methadone. This product, consisting of 75% w/w diacetylmorphine base and 25% w/w caffeine anhydrate, was intended for use via "chasing the dragon", that is, inhalation after volatilization. This procedure involves heating the powder mixture, which may lead to formation of degradation products that could subsequently be inhaled. We developed a method that used a high-performance liquid chromatography system that was compatible with photodiode-array detection and mass spectrometric detection to separate diacetylmorphine- and caffeine-related compounds in a wide polarity range for analysis of the vapor. This method was used to analyze the contents of the plastic drinking straws that were used by patients to inhale the vapors from pharmaceutical heroin used via chasing the dragon, which were considered to be representative of the vapors the patients inhaled. They contained primarily unchanged diacetylmorphine, its main metabolite 6-acetylmorphine, caffeine, and some morphine. Several unidentified peaks were observed in the straw chromatograms. Chemical structures were proposed for nine degradation products: morphine derivatives with different substitution patterns of the C(3), C(6), and/or N(17) positions, which comprised 0.4-9.7% of the straw sample residue weight. Activity and toxicity of most of these compounds are unknown and require further investigation
U2 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/30.1.6
DO - https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/30.1.6
M3 - Article
C2 - 16620525
SN - 0146-4760
VL - 30
SP - 6
EP - 13
JO - Journal of Analytical Toxicology
JF - Journal of Analytical Toxicology
IS - 1
ER -